Child road safety constitutes one of the most important and measurable dimensions of the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. As pedestrians, passengers or cyclists, children remain particularly vulnerable to the consequences of road accidents due to their limited ability to assess risks and their dependence on adult road users. The aim of this paper is to analyse the legal and institutional status of children as road users in Poland and Slovakia, with particular emphasis on the role of the Police in ensuring public safety and enforcing road traffic regulations. The study discusses the main legal mechanisms protecting children in road traffic, preventive and educational activities undertaken by law enforcement authorities, as well as contemporary threats related to speeding, distracted driving and new forms of mobility. The paper adopts a comparative perspective and identifies similarities and differences between the Polish and Slovak systems of child protection in road traffic. The analysis confirms that the effectiveness of child protection depends not only on the existence of legal regulations, but primarily on the efficiency of preventive and enforcement measures implemented by state authorities.