PRAWO i WIĘŹ
type: channel
description: Prawo i Więź ukazuje się regularnie od 2012 roku, a od grudnia 2015 roku znajduje się na ministerialnej liście czasopism punktowanych. Od 2024 r. Prawo i Więź jest dwumiesięcznikiem publikowanym w cyklu wydawniczym: luty, kwiecień, czerwiec, sierpień, październik, grudzień. W Prawie i Więzi publikowane są teksty ze wszystkich dziedzin prawa prawa materialnego i procesowego oraz z teorii, filozofii i socjologii prawa. Czasopismo przyjmuje do publikacji teksty w języku polskim i angielskim, przygotowane w formule artykułów, glos lub recenzji monografii naukowych. Czasopismo dąży do rozszerzenia zakresu polskiej debaty prawniczej poprzez wprowadzenie do niej niedostatecznie zbadanych problemów, a także umieszczenie krajowych zagadnień w szerszym kontekście międzynarodowym. Redakcja preferuje artykuły, które przedstawiają szerszy kontekst międzynarodowy i perspektywę prawnoporównawczą, jak również wprowadzają idee, zagadnienia i problemy prawne, które nie były dotychczas szeroko omawiane w Polsce. Prawo i Więź jest indeksowane w SCOPUS, European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS) i The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH). Prawo i Więź jest adresowane przede wszystkim do przedstawicieli środowiska naukowego. Gorąco zachęcamy Czytelników do zapoznawania się kolejnymi numerami czasopisma, a Autorów do współpracy! Wersja pierwotna Online Dostęp Open Access (OA) MNiSW 100 pkt DOI 10.36128 ISSN 2299-405X online ISSN 2719-3594 Wskaźnik odrzuceń 34%
publisher: Wydawnictwo Spółdzielczego Instytutu Naukowego
language: pl
publication name: PRAWO i WIĘŹ
issn: 2299-405X
items: Zmiany strukturalne (Strukturwandel) w niemieckim prawie cywilnym a perspektywa polska
items: https://prawoiwiez.edu.pl/index.php/piw/article/view/1821
items: Sovereignty by Design: Embedding Fiscal Risk Intelligence in Europe’s Defence-Digital Strategy
items: Rewolucja węgierska 1956 r. a Ustawa Zasadnicza Węgier z 2011 r. – program wolności i sprawiedliwości
items: Legality in Pre-trial Detention: A Legal Analysis of ECHR Case Law
items: Między azylem dyplomatycznym a kanonicznym posłuszeństwem. Analiza prawna pobytu kardynała Józsefa Mindszentyego w placówce dyplomatycznej Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki
items: Imre Nagy – komunista, który stał się symbolem i bohaterem antykomunistycznej rewolucji węgierskiej 1956 r.
items: Upamiętnienie rewolucji węgierskiej 1956 r. w systemach prawnych Węgier i Polski
items: Bohaterowie azylu dyplomatycznego czasów rewolucji węgierskiej w „Dziennikach” Sándora Máraiego
items: Rekonstrukcja i ocena reżimów nadzwyczajnych w państwie socjalistycznym (na przykładzie powstania węgierskiego 1956 r.)
items: Restytucja mienia osób represjonowanych po powstaniu węgierskim 1956 r. – analiza cywilnoprawna
items: Stosowanie art. 115 k.c. do obliczania upływu terminu przedawnienia uwagi na tle orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego
items: Integration of Indigenous Peoples’ Protection with Environmental Sustainability as an Impact of Environmental Change
items: Rethinking WTO Subsidy Disciplines for Sustainable Development
items: Green Blindness in the Digital Age: Towards a Regulatory Agenda for Digital Environmental Justice
items: Shaping Green Digital Rights in Vietnam: A Law-And-Economics Perspective on Data Governance and Digital Asset Regulation in the Context of the Twin Transition
items: Issues of Equity and Efficiency in Twin Transition in Vietnam from an Economic-Legal Integrated Perspective
items: Navigating the Nexus in Southeast Asia: Legal Frameworks for Digital-Green Public-Private Partnerships in ASEAN’s Twin Transition Era
items: Green Leases in Germany: Towards a New Standard in Commercial Real Estate
items: Sustainable Consumer Data Protection in Vietnam’s E-Commerce: Bridging Legal Gaps Through Global Insights
items: International Experiences in Applying Artificial Intelligence to Prevent Intellectual Property Infringement, and Implications for Vietnam
items: The Blue Economy in International Law: Opportunities and Challenges for Vietnam
items: Patent Protection for Plant Varieties in Vietnam: The Key to Success for the Digital Transformation of the Agricultural Sector
items: The European Union’s Legal Framework on the Prevention of Child Labour in Global Supply Chains: Lessons for Vietnam
items: Advancing Administrative Sanctions Through Digital Transformation: A Legal Perspective from Vietnam
items: Protecting Consumers Against „Greenwashing” under European Union Law: Lessons for Vietnam
items: The Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the Sustainable Supply Chain: Towards Ethical and Social Standards
items: Prawo zamówień publicznych w warunkach stanów nadzwyczajnych
items: The Necessity for a Legal Framework to Regulate the Environmental Impact of Data Centers in Vietnam: International Experiences and Recommendations for Vietnam
items: Competition in the Digital Economy and Artificial Intelligence Era: Challenges for a Fair Digital Market and Recommendations for Vietnam

Zmiany strukturalne (Strukturwandel) w niemieckim prawie cywilnym a perspektywa polska
type: item
description: The article analyses the German concept of structural change (Strukturwandel) in civil law and assesses the prospects for its occurrence in Polish civil law. This concept is based on inductive reasoning and consists in the observation of the evolving meaning of legal principles and institutions in response to socio-economic transformations. The research thesis of the article holds that structural changes in both German and Polish law find their justification in the pursuit of contractual balance. The article employs three research methods: the theoretical-legal method — in the analysis of German legal scholarship; the comparative method — through references to German civil law; and the dogmatic-legal method — in the analysis of the norms of Polish civil law. The conclusions indicate that structural change is not an exclusively Germanic phenomenon, but affects all systems of civil law responding to the need to strengthen the protection of the weaker parties to obligational relationships. The common denominator of this change in both legal orders remains the safeguarding of contractual balance.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: zmiana strukturalna, równowaga kontraktowa, ekwiwalentność świadczeń, niemieckie prawo cywilne
  topic: keywords
creator: Dominik Bierecki
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Dominik Bierecki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
doi: 10.36128/4gemyj42

https://prawoiwiez.edu.pl/index.php/piw/article/view/1821
type: item
title: Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w sprawie MJ vs. AA z dnia 24 marca 2026 r., sygn. akt C-521/21 dotyczącego możliwości wyłączenia sędziego sądu powszechnego od orzekania z powodu okoliczności jego powołania.
description: Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa w nowym składzie nie daje gwarancji niezależności wystarczających do rozwiania wszelkich uzasadnionych wątpliwości co do prawidłowości procedur powoływania sędziów i że przysługującego odwołania się od uchwał KRS do Sądu Najwyższego (Izby Kontroli Nadzwyczajnej i Spraw Publicznych) w procesie nominacyjnym nie można uznać za skuteczny środek zaskarżenia, to należy zbadać również inne istotne okoliczności towarzyszące powołaniu danego sędziego, aby móc w sposób uprawiony uznać, że nie spełnia on wymogu „niezawisłego i bezstronnego sądu”. Autorzy krytycznie ustosunkowują się do konkluzji wynikających z powyższego wyroku, który w ich ocenie nie rozwiązuje problemu ważności powołań sędziowskich dokonanych po 2018 roku. Postulaty Trybunału Sprawiedliwości o konieczności rozwiązania tej kwestii na drodze legislacyjnej są oczywiste, ale nie przybliżają nas one w żaden sposób do rozwiązania istniejącego napięcia i konfliktu.
subject: Glosy
  topic: section
subject: powołanie sędziów, Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa, prerogatywa Prezydenta RP, test bezstronności, niezależność sądów, zasada państwa prawnego
  topic: keywords
creator: Bartosz Wojciechowski
creator: Bartosz Liżewski
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Bartosz Wojciechowski, Bartosz Liżewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
doi: 10.36128/ee9d5y68

Sovereignty by Design: Embedding Fiscal Risk Intelligence in Europe’s Defence-Digital Strategy
type: item
description: The European Union confronts structural uncertainty across defence and digital sectors. Fiscal governance still relies on stability-oriented frameworks that cannot handle volatility. This paper argues that strategic autonomy requires integrating actuarial reasoning – quantification, pricing and systemic treatment of uncertainty – into existing EU budgeting and investment tools. The approach does not require new institutions or treaty changes. It requires a change in decision logic inside the Multiannual Financial Framework, the European Defence Fund, the Digital Europe Programme and the European Investment Bank. Empirical work in cyber-risk insurance, cyber-threat forecasting and development finance demonstrates that uncertainty can be modelled and priced. Actuarial governance emerges as a necessary foundation for credible European sovereignty.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: defence
  topic: keywords
subject: cyberspace
  topic: keywords
subject: cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: fiscal risk
  topic: keywords
creator: Dominik Bierecki
creator: Małgorzata Czuryk
creator: Christophe Gaie
creator: Jean Langlois-Berthelot
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Dominik Bierecki, Małgorzata Czuryk, Christophe Gaie, Jean Langlois-Berthelot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/2z2k7566

Rewolucja węgierska 1956 r. a Ustawa Zasadnicza Węgier z 2011 r. – program wolności i sprawiedliwości
type: item
description: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was an attempt to set Hungary on a path of democratic transformation aimed at building freedom and improving the country’s economic situation. The national uprising, brutally suppressed, remained deeply embedded in the collective memory of Hungarians for many years. The Fundamental Law of Hungary of 25 April 2011, in its currently binding version, seeks to preserve national memory and to implement the demands that were articulated at that time. This article constitutes an attempt to identify references to the ideas that were formulated in 1956.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: rewolucja
  topic: keywords
subject: rozliczenie zbrodni
  topic: keywords
subject: wolność
  topic: keywords
subject: demokratyczne wybory
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Surówka-Pasek
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Anna Surówka-Pasek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/tyxkwc37

Legality in Pre-trial Detention: A Legal Analysis of ECHR Case Law
type: item
description: The article examines the legality of applying a preventive measure in the form of detention in Ukraine in the context of the ECHR case law. The purpose of the study is to analyze the compliance of the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine and domestic case law with the requirements of Article 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, taking into account the conditions of martial law. The methodological framework includes formal-legal, comparative-legal, doctrinal and forecasting methods. As a result, the study revealed systemic violations of the principles of proportionality, effective judicial control, and risk assessment in the selection of a preventive measure. The analysis of ECHR cases demonstrates the ineffectiveness of appellate review, the formalistic nature of judicial decisions, the neglect of the health of suspects, and procedural abuse. The article proposes comprehensive reforms of legislation, judicial practice, and the system of free legal aid drawing on the experience of Council of Europe member states. The research concludes that it is necessary to move from declarative to substantive control over the observance of human rights in the field of preventive detention.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: preventive detention
  topic: keywords
subject: legality requirements
  topic: keywords
subject: detention
  topic: keywords
subject: preventive measure
  topic: keywords
subject: ECHR
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksandr Omelchenko
creator: Mariia Soroka
creator: Olena Babikova
creator: Maksym Chernenok
creator: Mykola Miahkov
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Oleksandr Omelchenko, Mariia Soroka, Olena Babikova, Maksym Chernenok, Mykola Miahkov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/9rhatt33

Między azylem dyplomatycznym a kanonicznym posłuszeństwem. Analiza prawna pobytu kardynała Józsefa Mindszentyego w placówce dyplomatycznej Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki
type: item
description: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Cardinal József Mindszenty’s stay at the United States diplomatic mission in Hungary, taking into account both international law and canon law perspectives. Drawing on unique beatification records and Vatican sources, the authors examine the Cardinal’s spiritual and moral motivations, emphasizing his fidelity to the norms of canon law, which played a decisive role in shaping his decisions and conduct. The text further addresses issues concerning the legal status of the diplomatic mission, the interpretation of the institution of diplomatic asylum, and the controversies surrounding its application in state practice. The analysis demonstrates that the resolution of the diplomatic impasse that gradually arose from the Cardinal’s long-term refuge at the U.S. diplomatic mission was facilitated by his heroic obedience to the Pope – a virtue that matured over the fifteen years of his presence at the American diplomatic mission.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: heroiczność cnót
  topic: keywords
subject: nietykalność misji dyplomatycznej
  topic: keywords
subject: prawo azylu
  topic: keywords
subject: proces beatyfikacyjny
  topic: keywords
subject: schronienie
  topic: keywords
creator: Lidia Fiejdasz-Buczek
creator: Anna Szarek-Zwijacz
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Lidia Fiejdasz-Buczek, Anna Szarek-Zwijacz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/8p46jd40

Imre Nagy – komunista, który stał się symbolem i bohaterem antykomunistycznej rewolucji węgierskiej 1956 r.
type: item
description: To understand Imre Nagy’s significance for the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, we must place him in a specific context. To assess why he made the decisions he made, we must consider the entirety of his life and work. He was no random street radical. Throughout his life, he was a committed Marxist who simply believed he could reform something that was irreformable. Through the course of events, he was placed in a position where he had to balance the demands of the protesters who had just overthrown his predecessor with those of the USSR. Imre Nagy served Soviet interests for decades. He spent his life serving a brutal, oppressive system, enforcing Moscow’s will at every turn. Working as an NKVD informant, he reported over 200 of his colleagues to the secret police. As Minister of the Interior, he participated in the brutal ethnic cleansing of German-speaking Hungarians and contributed to the dismantling of democratic institutions and traditional family structures that had existed in Hungary for centuries. He carried out collectivization, which devastated Hungarian agriculture and destroyed centuries-old rural communities. Imre Nagy exemplified the utopian pursuit of a model of “humanitarian socialism”, an artificial construct, an ideology that never existed and had no right to materialize. In this sense, Tibor Meray was right, when he wrote in his book about the Hungarian Prime Minister that: “Imre Nagy wanted to be a good communist and a good patriot, he wanted to be a good Hungarian and a sincere friend of the Soviet Union, and that was impossible”. In a sense, Imre Nagy exemplifies an astonishing transformation – from an orthodox communist apparatchik, Stalinist, informer, and Bolshevik agent with a highly inglorious past of imposing the communist yoke on Hungarian society – to the somewhat accidental, tragic, and heroic leader of the 1956 uprisings, elevated to a pedestal by movements of social resistance to the terror of communism. It is not without reason that Imre …
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: historia Imrego Nagya
  topic: keywords
subject: rewolucja węgierska 1956 r.
  topic: keywords
subject: system komunistyczny
  topic: keywords
subject: represje polityczne
  topic: keywords
subject: przemoc państwowa
  topic: keywords
subject: immunitet dyplomatyczny
  topic: keywords
creator: Robert Śliwa
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Robert Śliwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/bfk3za47

Upamiętnienie rewolucji węgierskiej 1956 r. w systemach prawnych Węgier i Polski
type: item
description: The 1956 Hungarian Revolution occupies a unique position in the historical memory of Central and Eastern Europe. Its significance goes beyond the historical dimension and is reflected in the legal systems of the states of the region. This article analyses the legal mechanisms used to preserve the memory of the 1956 events in the legal orders of Hungary and Poland. The analysis covers constitutional and statutory provisions, parliamentary resolutions, acts of symbolic law, as well as regulations concerning memorial days and places of remembrance. The article also takes into account the standards of freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights related to so-called memory laws. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the role of law as a tool for shaping collective memory and to indicate how the legal framing of the 1956 Revolution may contribute to strengthening Polish-Hungarian relations.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: rewolucja węgierska 1956
  topic: keywords
subject: upamiętnienie
  topic: keywords
subject: Polska
  topic: keywords
creator: Paulina Ledwoń
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Paulina Ledwoń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/h3eb9584

Bohaterowie azylu dyplomatycznego czasów rewolucji węgierskiej w „Dziennikach” Sándora Máraiego
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to present asylum cases (including lesser-known ones) involving the use of diplomatic asylum that took place during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. At the same time, the text analyzes the assessment of these cases through the prism of the observations of the leading Hungarian émigré writer and poet Sándor Márai. He is currently one of the most famous Hungarian artists in Poland (his works have been made widely available to Polish readers by the Czytelnik publishing house). Márai observed the Hungarian Revolution while living in the US at the time, and for obvious reasons, he was deeply affected by these events. He included his assessment of the heroes of this revolution (primarily Imre Nagy and Cardinal József Mindszenty) in excerpts from his “Diaries”. This assessment is quite critical, especially towards Prime Minister Nagy. Undoubtedly, Sándor Márai judges him to be a communist, has no faith in his “conversion”, does not sympathize with him, and considers the tragic twists and turns of his fate to be gangster-like reprisals by the communists. On the other hand, he perceives Cardinal Mindszenty differently, but does not believe in his intellectual or political abilities. He does not appreciate his religious attitude. However, he does appreciate his behavior, which secured him a rightful place in history.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: azyl dyplomatyczny
  topic: keywords
subject: ochrona dyplomatyczna
  topic: keywords
subject: rewolucja węgierska 1956 r.
  topic: keywords
subject: emigracyjna twórczość Sándora Máraiego
  topic: keywords
creator: Paweł Czubik
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Paweł Czubik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/n18ef810

Rekonstrukcja i ocena reżimów nadzwyczajnych w państwie socjalistycznym (na przykładzie powstania węgierskiego 1956 r.)
type: item
description: The article examines the mechanisms for introducing, operating, and legitimizing emergency regimes in the realities of a socialist state in the context of the Hungarian uprising of 1956. According to the author, emergency regimes in socialist states were fundamentally political, not legal. They served to maintain the communist party’s monopoly and monolithic power, even at the expense of its formally declared legality. The experience of the Hungarian uprising reveals a structural contradiction between the ideology of “socialist legality” and the practice of applying emergency measures. An analysis of the 1956 case allows the author to draw conclusions about the comprehensive nature of such regimes in socialist states, pointing to their exemplary form.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: stan nadzwyczajny
  topic: keywords
subject: reżim nadzwyczajny
  topic: keywords
subject: powstanie węgierskie 1956 r.
  topic: keywords
subject: konstytucja Węgierskiej Republiki Ludowej z 1949 r.
  topic: keywords
subject: konstytucjonalizm socjalistyczny
  topic: keywords
creator: Krzysztof Prokop
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Krzysztof Prokop https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/04q9sy36

Restytucja mienia osób represjonowanych po powstaniu węgierskim 1956 r. – analiza cywilnoprawna
type: item
description: The article discusses the civil law aspects of property restitution for persons repressed after the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. The policy of the communist government, created as a result of the Soviet invasion, aimed to impose numerous repressive measures on participants in the uprising and all those deemed enemies of the “people’s government”. A key element of this was the confiscation of property. Therefore, after the overthrow of the communist regime in 1989, the question arose as to how to implement the restitution of property seized from its original owners. This process was limited in nature and consisted of providing compensation in the form of so-called compensation vouchers. In the author’s opinion, these vouchers did not fully fulfill their role as a compensation instrument. However, the limited scope of compensation was justified by the need to protect acquired rights, ensure the stability of property relations, and address state budget constraints.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: restytucja mienia
  topic: keywords
subject: bony kompensacyjne
  topic: keywords
subject: roszczenia odszkodowawcze
  topic: keywords
subject: bezpodstawne wzbogacenie
  topic: keywords
subject: prywatyzacja
  topic: keywords
creator: Paweł Bucoń
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Paweł Bucoń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/dhd2s176

Stosowanie art. 115 k.c. do obliczania upływu terminu przedawnienia uwagi na tle orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego
type: item
description: The purpose of the article is to analyze the issue of applying Article 115 of the Polish Civil Code to the calculation of the limitation period. The subject of the considerations is to determine whether the limitation period may be regarded as a “time limit for performing an act” within the meaning of Article 115 of the Civil Code, and what legal consequences arise from adopting a different classification. In this respect, the article examines the current positions of legal doctrine and the case law of the Supreme Court. As a result of the analysis, it is indicated that the lapse of the limitation period ex lege gives rise to the debtor’s competence to raise the defence of limitation, regardless of statutory non-working days. The novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive comparison and systematization of doctrinal views and judicial decisions in the light of the amendment to Article 118 of the Civil Code, thereby contributing to a more in-depth understanding of the function of limitation periods in the Polish civil law system.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: przedawnienie
  topic: keywords
subject: termin
  topic: keywords
subject: dni wolne od pracy
  topic: keywords
subject: czynność prawna
  topic: keywords
creator: Julia Synak
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Julia Synak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.36128/8dyfsn34

Integration of Indigenous Peoples’ Protection with Environmental Sustainability as an Impact of Environmental Change
type: item
description: Climate change is not merely an environmental phenomenon but a profound challenge to the relationship between law and social justice. In Indonesia, Indigenous Peoples, whose cultural survival and livelihoods are tied to forests and ecosystems, face disproportionate risks from rising temperatures, deforestation, and extractive industries. Communities such as the Dayak in Kalimantan, the Baduy in Banten, and the Orang Rimba in Jambi exemplify how environmental degradation intersects with long-standing marginalization and weak legal recognition of customary rights. This paper examines how Indonesia’s legal framework mediates the nexus between climate governance and social justice. It focuses on the tension between the Job Creation Law (Law No. 11/2020), which prioritizes investment through centralized licensing and reduced environmental safeguards, and the Draft Law on Indigenous Peoples (RUU MA), which aims to formalize recognition of customary territories, participatory rights, and the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). Employing a normative and literature-based analysis, the study draws upon constitutional jurisprudence, international human rights instruments (UNDRIP, ILO Convention No. 169), and climate justice frameworks (UNFCCC, Cancun Safeguards) to evaluate how law can either perpetuate or mitigate social inequality. The findings indicate that regulatory incoherence weakens constitutional guarantees and fractures the social bond linking law, environment, and vulnerable communities. The paper proposes a rights-based model of climate governance that positions Indigenous Peoples as partners in climate solutions, reaffirming law’s potential to foster, not fracture, social cohesion and justice.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Justice Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Job Creation Law
  topic: keywords
subject: REDD+ Safeguards
  topic: keywords
subject: Law and Social Bonds
  topic: keywords
creator: Kristianto Halomoan
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Kristianto Halomoan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/xkyk8h78

Rethinking WTO Subsidy Disciplines for Sustainable Development
type: item
description: This paper examines the WTO legal framework governing subsidies and reviews recent reform proposals concerning the identification and categorization of subsidies under the SCM Agreement. It argues that the prevailing trade-distortion-centred approach to subsidy regulation is increasingly misaligned with the WTO’s sustainable development mandate. The paper therefore proposes a reform of WTO subsidy disciplines in which alignment with sustainable development objectives becomes a central criterion, alongside trade effects, for assessing the permissibility of subsidies, while preserving the fundamental principles of the multilateral trading system.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: subsidies
  topic: keywords
subject: WTO
  topic: keywords
subject: international trade law
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Ha Pham Loc
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Ha Pham Loc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/8sn4zt38

Green Blindness in the Digital Age: Towards a Regulatory Agenda for Digital Environmental Justice
type: item
description: The twin transitions of green and digital transformation are redefining sustainable development agendas, yet current digital innovation often suffers from “green blindness,” the neglect of environmental externalities and justice concerns. This oversight can lead to significant environmental harm and exacerbate inequalities, as recent analyses have warned, highlighting that environmental issues are being sidelined in favor of digital growth. This study examines the legal aspects of this issue, situating the discussion within a global context and employing a comparative lens on developing countries. In Vietnam, for example, a booming digital economy coupled with pressing environmental challenges highlights the need for integrated governance to avoid high resource consumption and other sustainability risks. The paper introduces the concept of digital environmental justice, to ensure that the benefits and burdens of digital transformation are distributed equitably, and ecological impacts are mitigated. It examines how emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and big data systems, intersect with climate and environmental goals, identifying gaps where regulatory frameworks lag behind technological advancements. By bridging digital rights and environmental law, the paper argues for a more equitable, inclusive, and sustainable digital age, guiding the twin transitions toward both green and just outcomes.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: digital environmental justice
  topic: keywords
subject: green blindness
  topic: keywords
subject: twin transition
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental law
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable digital governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Phuc Gia Dao
creator: Le Vu Nam
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Phuc Gia Dao, Le Vu Nam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/8gpcx489

Shaping Green Digital Rights in Vietnam: A Law-And-Economics Perspective on Data Governance and Digital Asset Regulation in the Context of the Twin Transition
type: item
description: This paper analyzes Vietnam’s current legal framework for data governance and digital asset regulation, while exploring the potential for the formation of “green digital rights,” a novel interdisciplinary concept at the intersection of environmental sustainability, digital innovation, and legal theories of property rights. Through a legal-economic lens, the study assesses how the recognition of digital assets can incentivize environmentally friendly business models and financial instruments. Empirical analysis, based on a detailed case study in Khanh Hoa province, reveals both opportunities and persistent legal gaps in high-tech marine aquaculture and smart urban development. The research findings indicate that while the recognition of data as a digital asset opens prospects for green finance, significant legal gaps persist in environmental data governance and the application of digital assets to sustainable development sectors. Policy recommendations derived from this analysis include enhancing regulatory clarity, implementing legal sandboxes to foster innovation, improving environmental data standards, and strengthening institutional capacity. This study not only provides actionable policy recommendations but also contributes to deepening the theory of sustainable digital governance and property rights in the context of the twin transition.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: green digital rights
  topic: keywords
subject: data governance
  topic: keywords
subject: digital asset regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental law
  topic: keywords
subject: twin transition
  topic: keywords
creator: Hoang Xuan Huy Dang
creator: Thi Ha Trang Nguyen
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Dang Hoang Xuan Huy, Ha Trang Nguyen Thi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/bd54q642

Issues of Equity and Efficiency in Twin Transition in Vietnam from an Economic-Legal Integrated Perspective
type: item
description: In the context of globalization and the fourth industrial revolution, the twin transition (digital transformation and green transformation) is becoming a key strategic direction for nations, including Vietnam, to promote fast and sustainable growth of the economy. However, alongside the promoted economic benefits, the twin transition process also gives rise to certain issues of fairness, affecting the sustainability of the transition model. This raises doubts about the role of the twin transition, posing a need to refine the legal framework to harmonize the goals of economic growth and social equity. This paper reinforces the view on the inevitability of the twin transition, defining the twin transition as two parallel processes, with a synergistic and contradictory relationship between digital transformation and green transformation, that contribute to promoting sustainable development. Based on the analysis of the theoretical framework and the current situation of the aforementioned digital transformation process in Vietnam, the paper proposes solutions to ensure the harmonization of fairness and efficiency in this process. Specifically, the solution involves simultaneously combining digital transformation policies with social security and sustainable development policies, tailored to regions and industries, consistent with the current practical context in Vietnam.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: green transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: twin transition
  topic: keywords
subject: fairness
  topic: keywords
subject: injustice
  topic: keywords
creator: Quoc An Chau
creator: Mộng Tuyền Nguyễn Thị
creator: Hạnh Dung Vũ Kim
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Quoc An Chau, Mộng Tuyền Nguyễn Thị, Hạnh Dung Vũ Kim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/6ke8a911

Navigating the Nexus in Southeast Asia: Legal Frameworks for Digital-Green Public-Private Partnerships in ASEAN’s Twin Transition Era
type: item
description: This paper explores how Southeast Asia can build the legal foundations to support a “Twin Transition”: the shift toward both digital transformation and green sustainability, through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Given ASEAN’s diverse legal systems, climate risks, and infrastructure gaps, PPPs are key to attracting private investment and innovation. But managing both digital and green goals in long-term contracts requires legal frameworks that are flexible, fair, and adapted to regional realities. This paper details a range of legal tools and mechanisms crucial for navigating this nexus in Southeast Asia. This includes the evolution of performance-based contracts to encompass both digital efficiency metrics and specific environmental outcomes, alongside innovative risk allocation strategies for technological obsolescence, cybersecurity, and climate-related events pertinent to the region. The paper examines the transformative potential of smart contracts and blockchain for enhancing transparency, accountability, and automated compliance in ASEAN’s digital-green projects, while also addressing their inherent vulnerabilities and regulatory challenges across diverse jurisdictions. Furthermore, it delves into the critical role of comprehensive data governance frameworks, including privacy-enhancing technologies and emerging AI governance standards, to manage the vast data generated by smart green infrastructure. Finally, it highlights the importance of fostering adaptive regulatory sandboxes for accelerating innovation, establishing robust dispute resolution mechanisms for complex, integrated projects, and leveraging existing and emerging international legal norms (e.g., cross-border data privacy rules, ASEAN digital integration frameworks) for facilitating greater regional collaboration in the Twin Transition. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a proactive, adaptive, and ethically grounded legal architecture within ASEAN that can effectively bridge the divide bet…
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Twin Transition
  topic: keywords
subject: legal frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: ASEAN
  topic: keywords
creator: Thông Bùi
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Thông Bùi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/nymhx852

Green Leases in Germany: Towards a New Standard in Commercial Real Estate
type: item
description: This study examines the transformation of Green Leases in German commercial real estate from voluntary market initiatives to regulatory compliance necessities. The research investigates how EU and national regulatory frameworks – EU Taxonomy, SFDR, CSRD, and Germany’s GEG – drive contractual innovation in sustainable property management. Using qualitative methodology, this study conducts comprehensive document analysis of academic literature, legal documentation, and industry guidelines (2015-2025), examining regulatory impact mechanisms through thematic content analysis. The findings reveal a fundamental paradigm shift where regulatory requirements have become the primary driver of Green Lease adoption. The study identifies a systematic “regulatory cascade effect” whereby EU-level regulations translate into fund-level compliance requirements, subsequently driving property-level contractual obligations. The EU Taxonomy's “Do No Significant Harm” principle creates continuous compliance obligations requiring contractual mechanisms. This study contributes to academic discourse by systematically documenting the transition from voluntary to regulatorily-driven sustainability. The identified regulatory cascade effect provides a framework for understanding similar transformations in other European markets, establishing Green Leases as essential instruments in the emerging regulatory compliance architecture for sustainable real estate management.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: Green Lease
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental certification
  topic: keywords
subject: ESG regulatory
  topic: keywords
subject: lease agreements
  topic: keywords
subject: CSRD
  topic: keywords
creator: Michele Dilenge
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Michele Dilenge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/8dcq9238

Sustainable Consumer Data Protection in Vietnam’s E-Commerce: Bridging Legal Gaps Through Global Insights
type: item
description: Vietnam’s enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL), in 2025, scheduled to enter into force in 2026, represents a landmark shift toward codifying a modern data protection regime. Yet, the law enters a digital marketplace dominated by data-driven e-commerce platforms, uneven institutional capacities, and fragmented regulatory frameworks. This paper examines whether the PDPL can meaningfully safeguard consumer personal data in Vietnam’s rapidly expanding e-commerce sector, and what legal, institutional, and comparative insights can support its sustainable implementation. Drawing on a structured comparative analysis of the EU’s GDPR, China’s PIPL, and California’s CCPA, the paper evaluates how different regulatory philosophies, including rights-based, state-centric, and market-driven, offer lessons for refining Vietnam’s approach. Building on doctrinal, comparative, and normative analysis, the paper identifies persistent gaps in enforcement independence, lawful bases for processing, cross-border data governance, and sector-specific guidance for e-commerce. It proposes a sustainability-oriented, multi-dimensional reform framework emphasizing institutional independence, regulatory harmonization, risk-based governance, and sustainable data stewardship. The paper contributes to theoretical debates on consumer data governance in emerging economies, and provides policy guidance for Vietnam as it seeks to build a trustworthy, rights-respecting, and sustainable digital market.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: consumer data protection
  topic: keywords
subject: e-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: GDPR
  topic: keywords
subject: personal data governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam PDPL
  topic: keywords
creator: Nho Le
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Nho Le https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/19cd0230

International Experiences in Applying Artificial Intelligence to Prevent Intellectual Property Infringement, and Implications for Vietnam
type: item
description: The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights worldwide. This paper examines how AI technologies are being applied internationally to detect, prevent, and manage copyright and patent infringement, and extrapolates key implications for Vietnam. However, advances of AI also raise complex legal, ethical, and policy questions. The study proposes a conceptual model integrating AI tools with human oversight to strengthen IP protection, and suggests that Vietnam adapt its legal framework and enforcement strategies in line with international best practices. In conclusion, Vietnam can leverage international experiences to craft forward-looking policies that harness AI in IP enforcement, bolstering its capacity to combat infringement in the digital era, while upholding legal and ethical standards.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: intellectual property
  topic: keywords
subject: copyright enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: patent protection
  topic: keywords
subject: infringement detection
  topic: keywords
creator: Tu Pham Ngoc Minh
creator: Vy Do Huynh Yen
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Tu Pham Ngoc Minh, Vy Do Huynh Yen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/kz678f68

The Blue Economy in International Law: Opportunities and Challenges for Vietnam
type: item
description: The concept of a blue economy, focused on the sustainable and regenerative use of ocean resources, has emerged as a strategic pathway for balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social development, particularly for coastal communities. This transformation is essential to address the escalating economic and ecological challenges in these areas. As a maritime nation with significant natural advantages and a strategic geopolitical location, Vietnam’s pursuit of the blue economy requires effective engagement with a multilayered legal framework, comprising international law and its domestic legal system. This paper examines how existing international legal regimes, particularly under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, respond to the evolving demands of the blue economy and climate-responsive development. The paper also analyzes the international legal framework to identify key legal principles underpinning the blue economy, including the principle of sustainable development, intergenerational equity, equitable benefit-sharing, the no-harm principle, and the principle of international cooperation. These principles serve as foundational norms for guiding national legislation and international engagement in marine resource governance. By focusing on Vietnam’s legal system and policies, the study argues that realizing a sustainable blue economy demands not only legal reform but also improved inter-agency coordination, institutional consolidation, and international cooperation. The paper advocates for harmonizing national and international legal standards, and enhancing legal capacity for implementation. This approach supports Vietnam’s efforts to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 14, reinforcing the need for inclusive and adaptive legal governance of the ocean in the era of the twin transition.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: UNCLOS
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
subject: blue economy
  topic: keywords
creator: Dinh Duc Nguyen
creator: Huu Phuoc Ngo
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Dinh Duc Nguyen, Ngo Huu Phuoc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/dcwr6y22

Patent Protection for Plant Varieties in Vietnam: The Key to Success for the Digital Transformation of the Agricultural Sector
type: item
description: Patent protection plays a crucial role in fostering innovation and facilitating the application of technology in agricultural production. In Vietnam, where agriculture remains a vital sector in the national economy, the development and implementation of technologies related to plant breeding, propagation, cultivation, harvesting and postharvest processing are of strategic importance – particularly in the context of accelerating digital transformation. However, the current legal framework primarily focuses on plant variety protection for newly created varieties, while the protection of technological processes associated with plant variety development through patent law has not been fully utilized. This underutilization limits the incentives for innovation and weakens the link between research outcomes and practical applications in the agricultural sector. Drawing on international experiences from countries such as Israel and China, where patent systems are effectively integrated into agri-tech development policies, this study examines the role of patent protection in enhancing the technological capacity of Vietnam’s agricultural sector. The analysis highlights how the combination of strong intellectual property regimes, increased investment in research and development, and effective collaboration among the state, research institutions, and enterprises can serve as a catalyst for agricultural digitalization. The paper concludes by proposing legal and institutional reforms to improve the patent protection of plant-related technological innovations, aiming to promote sustainable, innovation-driven growth in Vietnam’s agriculture and contribute to a successful digital transformation of the sector.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: agricultural digitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: plant variety
  topic: keywords
subject: intellectual property
  topic: keywords
subject: patent protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Tín Ngô Minh
creator: Như Nguyễn Quỳnh
creator: Linh Lê Đoàn Mai
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Tín Ngô Minh, Như Nguyễn Quỳnh, Linh Lê Đoàn Mai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/xxre4819

The European Union’s Legal Framework on the Prevention of Child Labour in Global Supply Chains: Lessons for Vietnam
type: item
description: Over the past years, the European Union (EU) has been the first to come up with a strong legal framework to eliminate child labour within global supply chains. Through tools like the Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (CSDDD), the EU is bringing businesses to report, avert and address the negative human rights effects through child labour among transnational corporations in their operations. This research examines the normativity and institutional underpinnings of an EU regulatory strategy on the prevention of child labour in international trade, in terms of its legal enforceability, engagement of stakeholders, and access to remedy. It also discusses the applicability and flexibility of these tools to the situation in Vietnam, a nation that is becoming more integrated into global supply chains and more internationalized due to trade agreements like the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The study uses a comparative legal approach, which shows that both normative synergies and regulatory gaps can be established between EU legal norms and national legislation on labour in Vietnam. The results indicate, that although the legal system in Vietnam has adopted some of the international labour norms, there are some major issues, especially on the aspects of the legal definition, enforcement ability, corporate responsibility, and supply chain transparency. The paper has concluded that the EU experience has lessons to be learnt by Vietnam, on how to strengthen its child labour governance. These involve institutionalisation of the mandatory human rights due diligence, improving the labour inspection regime, and revising the law to suit international and bilateral obligations. This research paper is a part of a wider research on the issue of responsible global trade and legal reform based on human rights in the emerging economies.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: child labour
  topic: keywords
subject: supply chains
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union law
  topic: keywords
subject: due diligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
creator: Thành-Quang Nguyen
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Thành-Quang Nguyen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/6j63ft70

Advancing Administrative Sanctions Through Digital Transformation: A Legal Perspective from Vietnam
type: item
description: Digital governance refers to the process of applying digital technologies to innovate the operational methods of public authorities, with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of governance as well as the quality of public services. In Vietnam, digital transformation has been identified as an inevitable trend, strongly driven by the policies and directives of the Communist Party and the State. The revision of the existing legal framework is currently underway to align with the policy of streamlining the state apparatus and promoting digital transformation, ensuring consistency with newly enacted laws in the present period. Within this context, the field of administrative penalty enforcement is also under pressure to leverage technology in order to address the shortcomings of traditional methods. In practice, the conventional administrative sanctioning process in Vietnam remains cumbersome, slow, and insufficiently integrated with modern technological tools, resulting in cumbersome procedures for citizens and challenges for authorities. Consequently, digital transformation in administrative penalty enforcement is expected to simplify procedures, enhance transparency, and improve the effectiveness of law enforcement.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: administrative sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: legal framework
  topic: keywords
subject: e-governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
creator: Nhat Khanh Nguyen
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Nhat Khanh Nguyen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/p53ddd13

Protecting Consumers Against „Greenwashing” under European Union Law: Lessons for Vietnam
type: item
description: This study critically examines the European Union’s evolving legal approach to combating greenwashing, with a particular focus on the Proposal for a Green Claims Directive (GCD) and related legislative initiatives under the European Green Deal. Employing systematization, analytical–synthetic methods, and comparative legal analysis, the research identifies substantive shortcomings in Vietnam’s current framework, including the absence of explicit rules on environmental claims and the lack of independent verification mechanisms. The findings reveal that the GCD Proposal, although not yet adopted, provides a structured and transparent regulatory model through its three core requirements: reliable scientific substantiation, life-cycle assessment, and third-party verification. Drawing on these insights, the paper proposes targeted reforms to Vietnam’s legal system, including the introduction of a statutory definition of greenwashing, the establishment of verification protocols aligned with international standards, and the imposition of sanctions proportionate to the harm caused by deceptive claims. These recommendations aim to enhance consumer protection, foster genuine sustainable business practices, and align Vietnam’s regulatory framework with global sustainability goals. By bridging comparative legal insights with domestic policy needs, the article contributes both to academic discourse on environmental law and to the practical advancement of Vietnam’s green transition.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: greenwashing
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union law
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Claims Directive
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer protection
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Huong Nguyen
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Huong Thi Kim Nguyen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/hhm6am49

The Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the Sustainable Supply Chain: Towards Ethical and Social Standards
type: item
description: The Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) (CISG) has been praised as the greatest legislative achievement in the field of international private law due to its significant ratifications (currently by 98 States), and has also been cited and used widely in several judgments and arbitral awards. However, it has been 37 years since the CISG came into force, and the new century has witnessed more complex issues than the simple act of selling and buying. The question is whether the CISG continues to adapt to the emergence of new trends in the 21st century, especially as ethical and social problems related to human rights and environmental sustainability receive increasing attention. This at first sight seems to have no relevance to the area that CISG governs. Having said that, ethical and social standards can potentially affect several aspects of the sale contracts, particularly the conformity of goods regarding the social and ethical quality and purpose, and whether the CISG remedies regarding the violation of the contract due to the social and ethical standards are applicable. Given the increasing emphasis on sustainable global supply chains as a key trend in recent years, sales contracts in these chains that are governed by the CISG and that involve environmental, social, and human rights considerations throughout the production process require renewed scrutiny. In this context, assessing whether the CISG can be interpreted in light of social and ethical standards becomes increasingly important for re-evaluating its relevance and impact in this new era.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: CISG
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable supply chain
  topic: keywords
subject: ethical goods conformity
  topic: keywords
subject: contract remedies
  topic: keywords
creator: Minh Ngoc Nguyen
creator: Phuong Quynh Chi Nguyen
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Nguyen Minh Ngoc, Nguyen Phuong Quynh Chi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/ssat2a75

Prawo zamówień publicznych w warunkach stanów nadzwyczajnych
type: item
description: Efficient spending of public funds is a crucial task for the state, even in times of particular threat and following the introduction of a state of emergency, whether martial law, a state of emergency, or a natural disaster. In such situations, it is essential to restore the state's normal functioning in the face of exceptional threats. Legal instruments and mechanisms specified in public procurement law can and should serve this purpose. Therefore, the aim of this study will be to demonstrate the extent to which public procurement and its legal frameworks align with the normative solutions of states of emergency and how they can be useful and utilized in such situations.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: zamówienia publiczne
  topic: keywords
subject: stany nadzwyczajne
  topic: keywords
subject: zagrożenie
  topic: keywords
subject: środki publiczne
  topic: keywords
creator: Ewa Przeszło
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Ewa Przeszło https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-20
publication date: 2026-01-20
doi: 10.36128/av11sm14

The Necessity for a Legal Framework to Regulate the Environmental Impact of Data Centers in Vietnam: International Experiences and Recommendations for Vietnam
type: item
description: As Vietnam accelerates its digital transformation, data centers have quietly become essential infrastructure for the economy. However, behind this role lies a concerning reality: their development is running counter to the nation’s environmental commitments, particularly the “net-zero” target for 2050. The core issue lies in a legal vacuum. Vietnam's current legal framework, particularly the 2020 Law on Environmental Protection, was designed for traditional industries and lacks specialized regulations to manage the unique impacts of data centers. Key internationally recognized environmental performance indicators, such as Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE), are almost entirely absent from normative documents. The lack of synchronization among environmental, energy, and technical infrastructure standards has created a fragmented legal environment, diminishing the effectiveness of state governance. An analysis of international experience reveals that advanced nations have proactively established effective legal frameworks. The European Union and Germany apply mandatory regulations with clear roadmaps for PUE and renewable energy adoption. The State of California (USA) utilizes a procedural mechanism, compelling investors to demonstrate and propose measures to mitigate environmental impacts from the initial permitting stage. Meanwhile, Singapore implements a comprehensive state management strategy through its Green Data Centre Roadmap. Drawing from these lessons, this paper proposes a system of synchronized solutions for Vietnam. The objective is not merely to “control” negative impacts, but to construct an intelligent legal corridor that transforms green standards into a genuine competitive advantage, enabling Vietnam's digital infrastructure to develop robustly and sustainably.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: legal framework
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental impact
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Centers (DCs)
  topic: keywords
creator: Doan Thi Phuong Diep
creator: Nguyen Trung Tin
creator: Le Anh Kiet
creator: Nguyen Minh Luan
creator: Nguyen Xuan Thu
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Doan Thi Phuong Diep, Nguyen Trung Tin, Le Anh Kiet, Nguyen Minh Luan, Nguyen Xuan Thu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/rpy4s358

Competition in the Digital Economy and Artificial Intelligence Era: Challenges for a Fair Digital Market and Recommendations for Vietnam
type: item
description: This study examines how the digital economy transforms business competition and proposes sustainable solutions for emerging challenges. Using an interdisciplinary approach combining economic theory, legal frameworks, and technological assessment, it identifies four key disruptions to traditional competition: algorithmic collusion enabling price-setting without explicit agreements; data power abuse creating market entry barriers through strategic data control; self-preferencing practices allowing platforms to favor their services over competitors; and “killer acquisitions” eliminating future threats by acquiring potential competitors. Results reveal critical gaps in current competition laws, including difficulties defining relevant markets for digital services with network effects, limitations of traditional price-based analysis in zero-price markets, challenges measuring consumer welfare in “free” services, and tensions between protecting competition and encouraging innovation. For Vietnam as an emerging digital economy, the study recommends a comprehensive regulatory strategy: establishing a Digital Economy Unit within the Vietnam Competition Authority; expanding market dominance criteria beyond market share to include data control and network effects; introducing specific anti-competitive behavior rules; implementing transaction-value thresholds for merger control to capture high-value, low-revenue acquisitions; and adopting flexible regulatory approaches for technological change. These recommendations balance fair competition with innovation encouragement. The analysis is particularly relevant to dual transformation toward digitalization and sustainability, as digital platform concentration can either promote or hinder green innovation and sustainable development. The study demonstrates competition law reform's crucial role in supporting both digitalization and environmental sustainability objectives, with significant implications for Vietnam’s broader sustainabi…
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: digital economy
  topic: keywords
subject: competition law
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithmic governance
  topic: keywords
subject: market regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: twin-transition
  topic: keywords
subject: digital platforms
  topic: keywords
creator: Thang Long Tran
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Thang Long Tran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.36128/a622gf96