The autonomy of higher education institutions is one of the cornerstones of the higher education system. It is an important element that guarantees freedom in conducting scientific research, teaching and shaping educational programs, and managing educational institutions. In Poland, the autonomy of higher education institutions is guaranteed by constitutional and statutory rank regulations, which underscores its importance for the functioning of the academic sector. However, judicial jurisprudence plays a crucial role in defining the limits and scope of the autonomy of higher education institutions. This paper aims to analyze selected aspects of the autonomy of higher education institutions in Poland in light of judicial case law. The dimensions of the autonomy of higher education institutions in teaching, learning, and freedom of research, as well as legal, organizational, and financial, will be approached.