No. 30

The article presents the historical development of cooperative banks in Russia. The author analysis the legal situation of cooperative banks and its founders in the Russian Empire, in Soviet Russia and after the fall of USSR, in the Russian market economy. In particular, the article considers state policy in creating, functioning and associating of Russian cooperative banks, and influence of cooperative banks on Russian financial system.  

The Act of July 24, 1998, amending the Family and Guardianship Code, significantly affected the institution of marriage. The possibility for a religious marriage to obtain civil law effects is a social expected change. The article will recall the most important legal dilemmas in the period after the introduction of the institution of "concordat marriage". The article also presents the solution of those dilemmas by interpretation of the law or as a result of the legislator's intervention.

Scientific advances, especially in medicine, have brought and are still bringing considerable improvements to humanity. However, a risk of making inappropriate use of academic achievements, as a result of which fundamental values related to human rights will be violated, is inextricably linked to this progress. In view of this fact, the Council of Europe has developed a number of legal instruments within the scope of bioethics, taking into account one of the aims of its existence, which is protection of dignity and basic rights referring to the use of biology and medicine. Standards developed by the Council of Europe with respect to bioethics, both soft law and hard law, are of crucial nature. This article presents an analysis of normative and doctrinal aspects thereof.

The obligation to provide information on the processing of personal data is one of the basic obligations of the administrator imposed by the provisions of the EU General Data Protection Regulation. However, the information obligation is sometimes seen as excessively onerous, and the manner of its implementation raises numerous doubts and practical problems. The article discusses the essence and significance of the information obligation, the scope of this obligation, the modes and forms of its implementation, under the provisions on the protection of personal data law. Part of these issues is the concept of layered implementation of this obligation and the implementation of the information obligation by public bodies as well as micro-entrepreneurs. The rest of the article discusses the exclusions of the information obligation and liability for failure to comply with this obligation.

The article concernes the issue of revocation of a donation in case if the donation was made to the joint marital property and only one of the spouses has become grossly ungrateful towards the donor. By the provisions of the Polish Civil Code, gross ingratitude of the donor is a premise for the revocation of the donation which has been already made. When a donation is made directly to joint marital property, the problem arises as to the admissibility of its revocation if only one of the spouses presented grossly ungrateful behaviour. 

The purpose of the article was to try to answer the question whether and to what extent the legal provisions governing agricultural cooperatives in Germany, the way they are established and operated, respond to the challenges of modern agriculture. The subject was extensive, therefore only selected issues have been presented in the article.

In the first part there has been a reference to the challenges of modern agriculture indicated in the documents of the European Union, the UN or resulting from the Common Agricultural Policy. There have also been references to draft acts concerning the CAP after 2020. Then, the paper has focused on the types of agricultural cooperatives in Germany, the Genossenschaftsgesetz and its amendments from 2006, 2015 and 2017, on combining the cooperatives and selected tax reliefs addressed to cooperatives.

In summary, the author has stated, among other things, that the German legislator is trying to introduce regulations that are supposed to solve the legal problems of existing cooperatives and encourage the creation of the new ones while taking into account the challenges of agriculture and rural areas.

 

Review of the book of Arkadiusz Barut, in which human rights are presented by using a model of social imaginary. The author of the review approves the sense of emphasizing the relationship that occurs between the change of the idea of subjectivity within the human rights' doctrine and the transformation of social symbolism, in particular common views of law and state.