Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
The paper conceptually reviews the paradigmatic models of mediation to understand the professional role of a mediator and the scope of ethical obligations. The description of each model presents the corresponding action of a mediator and the standard of intervention in the process, and examines their effectiveness in achieving the goals of mediation. In this regard, the paper examines the content of a mediator's ethical obligations and potential dilemmas in different mediation models that may be associated with a mediator's direct and uniform choice of a particular mediation model. The paper emphasises the importance of a mediator's competence for the proper functioning of a process and, at the same time, analyses the need for a strict demarcation from the professional role of an attorney, which is essential for the ethical execution of a mediator’s role.
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Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Referencje
- Alexander Nadja, International and Comparative Mediation Legal Perspectives. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2009.
- Alfini James, „Evaluative versus Facilitative Mediation: A Discussion” Florida State University Law Review, No. 4 (1997): 926. https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1447&context=lr.
- Anderson Dorcas Quek, „Facilitative Versus Evaluative Mediation, Is there Necessarily a Dichotomy?” Asian Journal on Mediation, (2013): 68. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2889142.
- Boulle Laurence, Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice. Chatswood, N.S.W: Lexis Nexis Butterworths, 2005.
- Boulle Laurence, Miryana Nesic, Mediation: Principles, Process. London: Tottel, 2001.
- Boulle, Laurence, Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice. Butterworths: Lexis Nexis, 2011.
- Bush Robert Baruch, „Substituting Mediation for Arbitration: The Growing Market for Evaluative Mediation, and What it Means for the ADR Field” Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, No. 1 (2002):122. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/drlj/vol3/iss1/6.
- Bush Robert Baruch, Joseph Folger, The Promise of Mediation: Responding to Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994.
- Bush, Robert Baruch, Folger, Joseph, The Promise of Mediation: The Transformative Approach to Conflict. United States of Amerika: Jossey-Bass, 2005.
- Chern Cyril, The Commercial Mediator’s Handbook. New York: Informa Law from Routledge, 2015.
- Chowdhury Jamila, Gender Power and Mediation, Evaluative Mediation to Challenge the Power of Social Discourses. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 2012.
- Chowdhury Jamila, Gender Power and Mediation, Evaluative Mediation to Challenge the Power of Social Discourses. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 2012.
- Clark Bryan, Lawyers and Mediation. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.
- Coben James Richard, Peter Thompson, „The Haghighi Trilogy and the Minnesota Civil Mediation Act: Exposing a Phantom Menace Casting a Pall Over the Development of ADR in Minnesota” Hamline Journal of Public Law & Policy, 20 (1999): 299-324. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1723301.
- Craver Charles, „The Use of Mediation to Resolve Community Disputes, Washington University Journal of Law & Policy” New Directions in Community Lawyering Social Entrepreneurship, and Dispute Resolution, 48 (2015): 237. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol48/iss1/13.
- Dubler Nancy, Carol Liebman, Bioethics Mediation, A Guide to Shaping Shared Solutions. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2011.
- Ethical Mediation, Advocate, Vancouver Bar Association, Vol. 79, part 6, 857.
- Feehily Ronán, International Commercial Mediation, Law and Regulation in Comparative Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
- Feerick, John et al., „Standards of Professional Conduct in Alternative Dispute Resolution” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 1 (1995): 101-102.
- Field Rachael, Jonathan Crowe, Mediation Ethics, From Theory to Practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
- Folger Joseph, Robert A. Baruch Bush, „Transformative Mediation, A self-assessment” International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, No.1 (2014): 20-34.
- Freund James, Anatomy of a Mediation: a Dealmaker's Distinctive approach to Resolving Dollar Disputes and other Commercial Conflicts. New York: Practising Law Institute, 2012.
- General Reports of the XIXth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law Rapports Généraux du XIXème Congrès de l'Académie Internationale de Droit Comparé. ed. Schauer Martin, Bea Verschraegen. The Netherlands: Springer, 2017.
- Golann Dwight, „Variations in Mediation: How – and Why – Legal Mediators Change Styles in the Course of a Case, Journal of Dispute Resolution” University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository, No. 1 (2000): 42. https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=jdr.
- Hinshaw Art, Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Sarah Rudolph Cole, Discussions in Dispute Resolutioni. The Foundational Articles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
- Hopt Klaus, Felix Steffek, Principles and Regulation in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Hyman Jonathan, Lela Love, „If Portia Were a Mediator: An Inquiry into Justice in Mediation” Clinical Law Review, (2002): 157. https://www.pgpmediation.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/If-Portia-Were-a-Mediator-9-Clinical-L-Rev-157.pdf.
- Imperati Samuel, „Alternative Dispute Resolution Symposium Issue: Mediator Practice Models: The Intersection of Ethics and Stylistic Practices in Mediation” Willamette Law Review, (1997): 2-7. https://www2.mediate.com/ICM/docs/Willamette%20Law%20Review%20Excerpt.pdf.
- Kandashvili Irakli, Mediation. Tbilisi: Cezanne, 2022 (in Georgian).
- Laflin Maureen, „Preserving the Integrity of Mediation Through the Adoption of Ethical Rules for Lawyer-Mediators” Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy, No. 1 (2000): 486. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol14/iss1/14.
- Lee Joel, Marcus Tao Shien Lim, Contemporary Issues In Mediation. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2016.
- Levin Murray, „The Propriety of Evaluative Mediation: Concerns about the Nature and Quality of an Evaluative Opinion” Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, Vol. XVI (2001): 267-296. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159560678.pdf.
- Love Lela, „The Top Ten Reasons Why Mediators Should Not Evaluate” Florida State University Review, No. 4 (1997): 939. https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1448&context=lr.
- Love Lela, John Cooley, „The Intersection of Evaluation by Mediators and Informed Consent: Warning the Unwary” Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, No. 1 (2005): 45-46.
- Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, ed. Catharine Titi Katia Fach Gómez. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
- Moberly Robert, „Mediator Gag Rules: Is It Ethical for Mediators to Evaluate or Advise?” South Texas Law Review, 38 (1997): 772.
- Moffitt Michael, Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Examples & Explanations: Dispute Resolution. United States: Aspen Publishers, 2011.
- Munjal Diksha, „Tug of War: Evaluative versus Facilitative Mediator” Pretoria Student Law Review, 6 (2012): 72-73, 79. https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/pslr/article/view/2137/2022.
- Noce Dorothy Della, „Evaluative Mediation: In Search of Practice Competencies” Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 27 (2009): 139, 208-209. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2263813.
- Nolan-Haley Jacqueline, „Court Mediation and the Search for Justice through Law” Washington University Law Review, No. 1 (1996): 65-66.
- Nolan-Haley Jacqueline, „Informed Consent in Mediation: A Guiding Principle for Truly Educated Decision-making” Notre Dame Law Review, 74 (1999): 797, 834-838. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/274/.
- Nylund Anna, Kaijus Ervasti, Lin Adrian, Nordic Mediation Research. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2019.
- Ordover Abraham, Andrea Doneff, Alternatives to Litigation, Mediation, Arbitration and the Art of Dispute Resolution. Boulder: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 2014.
- Pou Charles, „Assuring Excellence, or Merely Reassuring? Policy and Practice in Promoting Mediator Quality” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 2 (2004): 303-354. https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1470&context=jdr.
- Riskin Leonard, „Mediator Orientations, Strategies and Techniques” Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation, No. 9 (1994): 111-114. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1506704.
- Riskin Leonard, „Understanding Mediators' Orientations, Strategies, and Techniques: A Grid for the Perplexed” Harvard Negotiation Law Review, No. 7 (1996): 8-51, 35-36. http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/668.
- Roberts Kenneth, „Mediating the Evaluative-Facilitative Debate: Why Both Parties Are Wrong and a Proposal for Settlement” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, No. 1 (2007): 192, 198.
- Roberts Marian, Mediation in Family Disputes, Principles of Practice. London-New York: Routledge-Taylor and Francis Group, 2014.
- Russel Murray, The Mediation Handbook, Effective Strategies for Litigators. Denver Colorado: Bradford Publishing Company, 2011.
- Santos Hugo Luz dos, Towards a Four-Tiered Model of Mediation Against the Background of a Narrative of Social Sub-systems in Everlasting Cross-Fertilization. Singapore: Springer, 2023.
- Self-Determination in Mediation, The Art and Science of Mirrors and Lights. ed. Dan Simon, Rara West. Lan Ham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2022.
- Shapira Omer, „Joining Forces in Search for Answers: The Use of Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Realm of Mediation Ethics” Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, No. 2 (2008): 244.
- Shapira Omer, A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Foundations, Rationale and Application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
- Stark James, „Preliminary Reflections on the Establishment of a Mediation Clinic” Clinical Law Review, 2 (1996): 487. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/law_papers/166.
- Stark James, „The Ethics of Mediation Evaluation: Some Troublesome Questions And Tentative Proposals, from an Evaluative Lawyer Mediator” South Texas Law Review, 38 (1997): 795. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1198&context=law_papers.
- Stempel Jeffrey, „The Inevitability of the Eclectic: Liberating ADR from Ideology” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 2 (2000): 247, 275. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/217.
- Stitt Alan, Mediation Practical Guide. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2016.
- Tallodi Timea, How Parties Experience Mediation, An Interview Study on Relationship Changes in Workplace Mediation. Springer International Publishing, 2020.
- The Negotiator’s Fieldbook, The Desk Reference for the Experienced Negotiator, ed. Schneider Andrea Kupfer, Christopher Honeyman. Washington, DC: ABA Section of Dispute Resolution, 2006.
- Waldman Ellen, Mediation Ethics, Cases and Commentaries. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
- Weckstein Donald, „In Praise of Party Empowerment And of Mediator Activism” Willamette Law Review, 33 (1997): 526.
- Wolski Bobette, „An Ethical Evaluation Process for Mediators: A Preliminary Exploration of Factors Which Impact Ethical Decision-Making” Ethics in Alternative Dispute Resolution, No. 1 (2017-2018): 69, 70, 71.
- Zena Zumeta, „A Facilitative Mediator Responds” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 2 (2000): 337. https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/jdr/vol2000/iss2/8.
Referencje
Alexander Nadja, International and Comparative Mediation Legal Perspectives. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2009.
Alfini James, „Evaluative versus Facilitative Mediation: A Discussion” Florida State University Law Review, No. 4 (1997): 926. https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1447&context=lr.
Anderson Dorcas Quek, „Facilitative Versus Evaluative Mediation, Is there Necessarily a Dichotomy?” Asian Journal on Mediation, (2013): 68. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2889142.
Boulle Laurence, Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice. Chatswood, N.S.W: Lexis Nexis Butterworths, 2005.
Boulle Laurence, Miryana Nesic, Mediation: Principles, Process. London: Tottel, 2001.
Boulle, Laurence, Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice. Butterworths: Lexis Nexis, 2011.
Bush Robert Baruch, „Substituting Mediation for Arbitration: The Growing Market for Evaluative Mediation, and What it Means for the ADR Field” Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, No. 1 (2002):122. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/drlj/vol3/iss1/6.
Bush Robert Baruch, Joseph Folger, The Promise of Mediation: Responding to Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994.
Bush, Robert Baruch, Folger, Joseph, The Promise of Mediation: The Transformative Approach to Conflict. United States of Amerika: Jossey-Bass, 2005.
Chern Cyril, The Commercial Mediator’s Handbook. New York: Informa Law from Routledge, 2015.
Chowdhury Jamila, Gender Power and Mediation, Evaluative Mediation to Challenge the Power of Social Discourses. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 2012.
Chowdhury Jamila, Gender Power and Mediation, Evaluative Mediation to Challenge the Power of Social Discourses. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 2012.
Clark Bryan, Lawyers and Mediation. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.
Coben James Richard, Peter Thompson, „The Haghighi Trilogy and the Minnesota Civil Mediation Act: Exposing a Phantom Menace Casting a Pall Over the Development of ADR in Minnesota” Hamline Journal of Public Law & Policy, 20 (1999): 299-324. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1723301.
Craver Charles, „The Use of Mediation to Resolve Community Disputes, Washington University Journal of Law & Policy” New Directions in Community Lawyering Social Entrepreneurship, and Dispute Resolution, 48 (2015): 237. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol48/iss1/13.
Dubler Nancy, Carol Liebman, Bioethics Mediation, A Guide to Shaping Shared Solutions. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2011.
Ethical Mediation, Advocate, Vancouver Bar Association, Vol. 79, part 6, 857.
Feehily Ronán, International Commercial Mediation, Law and Regulation in Comparative Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
Feerick, John et al., „Standards of Professional Conduct in Alternative Dispute Resolution” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 1 (1995): 101-102.
Field Rachael, Jonathan Crowe, Mediation Ethics, From Theory to Practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
Folger Joseph, Robert A. Baruch Bush, „Transformative Mediation, A self-assessment” International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, No.1 (2014): 20-34.
Freund James, Anatomy of a Mediation: a Dealmaker's Distinctive approach to Resolving Dollar Disputes and other Commercial Conflicts. New York: Practising Law Institute, 2012.
General Reports of the XIXth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law Rapports Généraux du XIXème Congrès de l'Académie Internationale de Droit Comparé. ed. Schauer Martin, Bea Verschraegen. The Netherlands: Springer, 2017.
Golann Dwight, „Variations in Mediation: How – and Why – Legal Mediators Change Styles in the Course of a Case, Journal of Dispute Resolution” University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository, No. 1 (2000): 42. https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=jdr.
Hinshaw Art, Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Sarah Rudolph Cole, Discussions in Dispute Resolutioni. The Foundational Articles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Hopt Klaus, Felix Steffek, Principles and Regulation in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hyman Jonathan, Lela Love, „If Portia Were a Mediator: An Inquiry into Justice in Mediation” Clinical Law Review, (2002): 157. https://www.pgpmediation.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/If-Portia-Were-a-Mediator-9-Clinical-L-Rev-157.pdf.
Imperati Samuel, „Alternative Dispute Resolution Symposium Issue: Mediator Practice Models: The Intersection of Ethics and Stylistic Practices in Mediation” Willamette Law Review, (1997): 2-7. https://www2.mediate.com/ICM/docs/Willamette%20Law%20Review%20Excerpt.pdf.
Kandashvili Irakli, Mediation. Tbilisi: Cezanne, 2022 (in Georgian).
Laflin Maureen, „Preserving the Integrity of Mediation Through the Adoption of Ethical Rules for Lawyer-Mediators” Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy, No. 1 (2000): 486. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol14/iss1/14.
Lee Joel, Marcus Tao Shien Lim, Contemporary Issues In Mediation. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2016.
Levin Murray, „The Propriety of Evaluative Mediation: Concerns about the Nature and Quality of an Evaluative Opinion” Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, Vol. XVI (2001): 267-296. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159560678.pdf.
Love Lela, „The Top Ten Reasons Why Mediators Should Not Evaluate” Florida State University Review, No. 4 (1997): 939. https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1448&context=lr.
Love Lela, John Cooley, „The Intersection of Evaluation by Mediators and Informed Consent: Warning the Unwary” Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, No. 1 (2005): 45-46.
Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, ed. Catharine Titi Katia Fach Gómez. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Moberly Robert, „Mediator Gag Rules: Is It Ethical for Mediators to Evaluate or Advise?” South Texas Law Review, 38 (1997): 772.
Moffitt Michael, Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Examples & Explanations: Dispute Resolution. United States: Aspen Publishers, 2011.
Munjal Diksha, „Tug of War: Evaluative versus Facilitative Mediator” Pretoria Student Law Review, 6 (2012): 72-73, 79. https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/pslr/article/view/2137/2022.
Noce Dorothy Della, „Evaluative Mediation: In Search of Practice Competencies” Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 27 (2009): 139, 208-209. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2263813.
Nolan-Haley Jacqueline, „Court Mediation and the Search for Justice through Law” Washington University Law Review, No. 1 (1996): 65-66.
Nolan-Haley Jacqueline, „Informed Consent in Mediation: A Guiding Principle for Truly Educated Decision-making” Notre Dame Law Review, 74 (1999): 797, 834-838. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/274/.
Nylund Anna, Kaijus Ervasti, Lin Adrian, Nordic Mediation Research. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2019.
Ordover Abraham, Andrea Doneff, Alternatives to Litigation, Mediation, Arbitration and the Art of Dispute Resolution. Boulder: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 2014.
Pou Charles, „Assuring Excellence, or Merely Reassuring? Policy and Practice in Promoting Mediator Quality” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 2 (2004): 303-354. https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1470&context=jdr.
Riskin Leonard, „Mediator Orientations, Strategies and Techniques” Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation, No. 9 (1994): 111-114. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1506704.
Riskin Leonard, „Understanding Mediators' Orientations, Strategies, and Techniques: A Grid for the Perplexed” Harvard Negotiation Law Review, No. 7 (1996): 8-51, 35-36. http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/668.
Roberts Kenneth, „Mediating the Evaluative-Facilitative Debate: Why Both Parties Are Wrong and a Proposal for Settlement” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, No. 1 (2007): 192, 198.
Roberts Marian, Mediation in Family Disputes, Principles of Practice. London-New York: Routledge-Taylor and Francis Group, 2014.
Russel Murray, The Mediation Handbook, Effective Strategies for Litigators. Denver Colorado: Bradford Publishing Company, 2011.
Santos Hugo Luz dos, Towards a Four-Tiered Model of Mediation Against the Background of a Narrative of Social Sub-systems in Everlasting Cross-Fertilization. Singapore: Springer, 2023.
Self-Determination in Mediation, The Art and Science of Mirrors and Lights. ed. Dan Simon, Rara West. Lan Ham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2022.
Shapira Omer, „Joining Forces in Search for Answers: The Use of Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Realm of Mediation Ethics” Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, No. 2 (2008): 244.
Shapira Omer, A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Foundations, Rationale and Application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Stark James, „Preliminary Reflections on the Establishment of a Mediation Clinic” Clinical Law Review, 2 (1996): 487. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/law_papers/166.
Stark James, „The Ethics of Mediation Evaluation: Some Troublesome Questions And Tentative Proposals, from an Evaluative Lawyer Mediator” South Texas Law Review, 38 (1997): 795. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1198&context=law_papers.
Stempel Jeffrey, „The Inevitability of the Eclectic: Liberating ADR from Ideology” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 2 (2000): 247, 275. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/217.
Stitt Alan, Mediation Practical Guide. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2016.
Tallodi Timea, How Parties Experience Mediation, An Interview Study on Relationship Changes in Workplace Mediation. Springer International Publishing, 2020.
The Negotiator’s Fieldbook, The Desk Reference for the Experienced Negotiator, ed. Schneider Andrea Kupfer, Christopher Honeyman. Washington, DC: ABA Section of Dispute Resolution, 2006.
Waldman Ellen, Mediation Ethics, Cases and Commentaries. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
Weckstein Donald, „In Praise of Party Empowerment And of Mediator Activism” Willamette Law Review, 33 (1997): 526.
Wolski Bobette, „An Ethical Evaluation Process for Mediators: A Preliminary Exploration of Factors Which Impact Ethical Decision-Making” Ethics in Alternative Dispute Resolution, No. 1 (2017-2018): 69, 70, 71.
Zena Zumeta, „A Facilitative Mediator Responds” Journal of Dispute Resolution, No. 2 (2000): 337. https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/jdr/vol2000/iss2/8.