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Abstrakt
Human rights are among the recognized areas of international law. However, global actors such as the United States, the European Union, China and Russia have different perceptions of their place in the international order. These differences have been exacerbated as China and Russia have increasingly challenged the dominant position of the United States since the late 20th century. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and the practical division of the world into the West and East have been of additional importance in exacerbating the differences. The positions of these parties with regard to human rights are presented in the context of the formulation of doctrines of the international order, the attitude towards the attempt to recognize that certain human rights constitute norms juris cogentis, and the relationship between human rights and unilateral coercive measures.
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Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Referencje
- Bailes Alyson J.K., Anna Wetter, „Security Strategies”, [w:] Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, online, January 2013.
- Cai Congyan, „China’s position and practice concerning unilateral sanctions”, [w:] Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions, ed. Charlotte Beaucillon. 70-89. Northampton-Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
- Cai Congyan, The Rise of China and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
- Chan Phil C. W., „China’s Approaches to International Law since the Opium War” Leiden Journal of International Law, nr 4 (2014): 859-892.
- Chan Phil C., China, State Sovereignty and International Legal Order. The Hague: Brill-Nijhoff, 2015.
- Chin John J., Kiron Skinner, Clay Yoo, „Understanding National Security Strategies Through Time” Texas National Security Review, No. 4 (2023): 103-124.
- Dai Ruijun, „China and International Human Rights Law”, [w:] The Cambridge Handbook of China and International Law, red. Ignacio de la Rasilla, Congyan Cai. 261-283. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024.
- Mälksoo Lauri, „Russia and China Challenge the Western Hegemony in the Interpretation of International Law” EJIL: Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, July 15, 2016. https://www.ejiltalk.org/russia-and-china-challenge-the-western-hegemony-in-the-interpretation-of-international-law/.
- Roberts Anthea, Is International Law International?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
- The Impact of Human Rights on General International Law, red. Menno Kamminga, Martin Scheinin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
- The UN Friendly Relations Declaration at 50. An Assessment of the Fundamental Principles of International Law, red. Jorge E. Viñuales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
- Timofieev Ivan N., „Unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions policy: the Russian dimension”, [w:] Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions, red. Charlotte Beaucillon. 90-109. Northampton-Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
- Vanneste Frédéric, General International Law before Human Rights Courts. Assessing the Speciality Claims of International Human Rights Law. Cambridge-Antwerp: Intersentia 2010.
- Visek Richard, „Statement at the 77 th session of the General Assembly Sixth Committee meeting on the Report of the ILC on its 73rd Session, October 25, 2022” Digest of United States Practice in International Law (2022), 299-301. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2022-Digest-of-United-States-Practice-in-International-Law.pdf.
- Wang Chao, Xin Xiang, „The Constitution of China and International Law. From Selective Adaptation to Normative Consensus”, [w:] The Cambridge Handbook of China and International Law, red. Ignacio de la Rasilla, Congyan Cai. 73-93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024.
- Wang Jiangyu, Huaer Cheng, „China’s Approach to International Law: From Traditional Westphalianism to Aggressive Instrumentalism in the XI Jinping Era” The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, nr 1 (2022): 140-153.
- Wuerth Igrid, „China, Russia, and International Law” Lawfare 11 July 2016.
Referencje
Bailes Alyson J.K., Anna Wetter, „Security Strategies”, [w:] Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, online, January 2013.
Cai Congyan, „China’s position and practice concerning unilateral sanctions”, [w:] Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions, ed. Charlotte Beaucillon. 70-89. Northampton-Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
Cai Congyan, The Rise of China and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Chan Phil C. W., „China’s Approaches to International Law since the Opium War” Leiden Journal of International Law, nr 4 (2014): 859-892.
Chan Phil C., China, State Sovereignty and International Legal Order. The Hague: Brill-Nijhoff, 2015.
Chin John J., Kiron Skinner, Clay Yoo, „Understanding National Security Strategies Through Time” Texas National Security Review, No. 4 (2023): 103-124.
Dai Ruijun, „China and International Human Rights Law”, [w:] The Cambridge Handbook of China and International Law, red. Ignacio de la Rasilla, Congyan Cai. 261-283. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024.
Mälksoo Lauri, „Russia and China Challenge the Western Hegemony in the Interpretation of International Law” EJIL: Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, July 15, 2016. https://www.ejiltalk.org/russia-and-china-challenge-the-western-hegemony-in-the-interpretation-of-international-law/.
Roberts Anthea, Is International Law International?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
The Impact of Human Rights on General International Law, red. Menno Kamminga, Martin Scheinin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
The UN Friendly Relations Declaration at 50. An Assessment of the Fundamental Principles of International Law, red. Jorge E. Viñuales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Timofieev Ivan N., „Unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions policy: the Russian dimension”, [w:] Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions, red. Charlotte Beaucillon. 90-109. Northampton-Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
Vanneste Frédéric, General International Law before Human Rights Courts. Assessing the Speciality Claims of International Human Rights Law. Cambridge-Antwerp: Intersentia 2010.
Visek Richard, „Statement at the 77 th session of the General Assembly Sixth Committee meeting on the Report of the ILC on its 73rd Session, October 25, 2022” Digest of United States Practice in International Law (2022), 299-301. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2022-Digest-of-United-States-Practice-in-International-Law.pdf.
Wang Chao, Xin Xiang, „The Constitution of China and International Law. From Selective Adaptation to Normative Consensus”, [w:] The Cambridge Handbook of China and International Law, red. Ignacio de la Rasilla, Congyan Cai. 73-93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024.
Wang Jiangyu, Huaer Cheng, „China’s Approach to International Law: From Traditional Westphalianism to Aggressive Instrumentalism in the XI Jinping Era” The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, nr 1 (2022): 140-153.
Wuerth Igrid, „China, Russia, and International Law” Lawfare 11 July 2016.