Pasek boczny artykułu

Przesłane
5 stycznia 2023
Opublikowane
20 kwietnia 2023
Pobieranie
PDF
Statystyczny
Read Counter : 693 Pobieranie : 128

Treść głównego artykułu

Abstrakt

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of new technologies and raised societies’ technological development. Legal regulations play an important role in the implementation of the latest technologies. The contact tracking applications that have been deployed almost all over the world do not, in most cases, provide an adequate level of personal data protection. An essential aspect of competition law regarding data protection is ensuring data security (trade secrets, personal information). Although entrepreneurs’ use of cloud data stores is well-established, we have never witnessed adoption on such a large scale as during this pandemic. This was influenced by, among other factors, the need to provide remote access to enterprise resources despite limitations on the movement of people. Furthermore, because many companies faced an immediate need to enable remote working and collaboration, many solutions were adopted without the usual due diligence that should apply to such a business decision. Therefore, questions arise as to whether the legal frameworks for the functioning of such data ecosystems ensure their security. Moreover, since technological innovations are of key importance for sustainable development, it is worth reviewing the framing assumptions (concerning sustainable development) of active sustainability initiatives and the possibilities of still achieving their goals despite the major setback of the pandemic. Furthermore, the rapid and forced changes resulting from the coronavirus pandemic cannot remain in place without adverse impact on the data protection landscape. During the pandemic, legal regulations regarding personal data protection, environmental protection, and competition law began to be questioned. The author shows that the legal regulations in force in these areas are no longer sufficient and require adaptation to the rapidly changing reality.

Szczegóły artykułu

Creative Commons License

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Biogramy autorów

Mirosław Pawełczyk - Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach

University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Legal Sciences and Center for Design, Fashion and Advertisement Law

Ewelina Badura - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie

Cracow University of Economics, Institute of Legal Sciences

Referencje

  1. Agarwal Yuvraj, Michael Hall, „Protect My Privacy: Detecting and Mitigating Privacy Leaks on iOS Devices Using Crowdsourcing”, [w:] Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. Taipei, Taiwan, 2013.
  2. Alamri Hamad, Carsten Maple, Mohamad Saad, Gregory Epiphaniou, Do the Right Thing: A Privacy Policy Adherence Analysis of over Two Million Apps in Apple iOS App Store. Basel: Sensors, 2022.
  3. Anglemyer Andrew, Theresa Hm Moore, Lisa Parker, Timothy Chambers, Alice Grady, Kellia Chiu, Matthew Parry, Magdalena Wilczynska, Ella Flemyng, Lisa Bero, „Digital Contact Tracing Technologies in Epidemics: A Rapid Review” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, No. 8 (2020): CD013699.
  4. Balebako Rebecca, Jaeyeon Jung, Wei Lu, Faith Lorrie Cranor, Carolyn Nguyen, Little Brothers Watching You Raising Awareness of Data Leaks on Smartphones. Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security; Newcastle, UK, 24-26 July 2013.
  5. Banasiak Julia, „Application ProteGo Stop Covid – Could it have been an Opportunity to Prevent Covid-19 Spreading?” Political Preferences, No. 29 (2021): 47-59.
  6. Bardus Marco, Melodie Al Daccache, Noel Maalouf, Rayan Al Sarih, Imad H Elhajj, „Data Management and Privacy Policy of COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Apps: Systematic Review and Content Analysis” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, No. 7 (2022): e35195.
  7. Beccia Flavia, Andrea Di Pilla, Francesco Andrea Causio, Bruno Federico, Maria Lucia Specchia, Carlo Favaretti, Stefania Boccia, Gianfranco Damiani, „Narrative Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic's First Two Years in Italy” International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, No. 19 (2022): 15443.
  8. Bennett Belinda, „Legal Rights During Pandemics: Federalism, Rights and Public Health Laws – a View from Australia” Public Health (2006): 232-236.
  9. Blom Annelies G., Alexander Wenz, Carina Cornesse, Tobias Rettig, Marina Fikel, Sabine Friedel, Katja Möhring, Elias Naumann, Maximiliane Reifenscheid, Ulrich Krieger, „Barriers to the Large-scale Adoption of a COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in Germany: Survey Study” Journal of Medical Internet Research, No. 3 (2021): e23362.
  10. Botta Marco, Klaus Wiedemann, „The Interaction of EU Competition, Consumer, and Data Protection Law in the Digital Economy: The Regulatory Dilemma in the Facebook Odyssey” The Antitrust Bulletin, No. 3 (2019): 428-446.
  11. Bradford Laura, Mateo Aboy, Kathleen Liddell, „COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: A Stress Test for Privacy, the GDPR, and Data Protection Regimes” Journal of Law and the Biosciences, No. 1 (2020): 1021.
  12. Buhr Lorina, Silke Schicktanz, Eike Nordmeyer, „Attitudes Toward Mobile Apps for Pandemic Research Among Smartphone Users in Germany: National Survey” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, No. 1 (2022): e31857.
  13. Burns Jacob, Ani Movsisyan, Jan M. Stratil, Renke Lars Biallas, Michaela Coenen, Karl Mf Emmert-Fees, Karin Geffert, Sabine Hoffmann, Olaf Horstick, Michael Laxy, Carmen Klinger, Suzie Kratzer, Tim Litwin, Susan Norris, Lisa M. Pfadenhauer, Peter von Philipsborn, Kerstin Sell, Julia Stadelmaier, Ben Verboom, Stephan Voss, Katharina Wabnitz, Eva Rehfuess, „International Travel-related Control Measures to Contain the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Review” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, No. 3 (2021): CD013717.
  14. Caligiuri Paula, Helen De Cieri, Dana Minbaeva, Alain Verbeke, Angelika Zimmermann, „International HRM Insights for Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Future Research and Practice” Journal of International Business Studies (2020).
  15. Casadesus-Masanell Ramon, Andres Hervas-Drane, „Competing with Privacy” Management Science, No. 1 (2015): 229-246.
  16. Chang Ji E, Alden Yuanhong Lai, Avni Gupta, Ann M. Nguyen, Carolyn A. Berry, Donna R. Shelley, „Rapid Transition to Telehealth and the Digital Divide: Implications for Primary Care Access and Equity in a Post-COVID Era” Milbank Quarterly, No. 2 (2021): 340-368.
  17. Cohen Glenn, Lawrence O. Gostin, Daniel J. Weitzner, „Digital Smartphone Tracking for COVID-19: Public Health and Civil Liberties in Tension” JAMA, No. 23 (2020): 2371-2372.
  18. Cohen Glenn, Sara Gerke, Daniel B. Kramer, „Ethical and Legal Implications of Remote Monitoring of Medical Devices” Milbank Quarterly, No. 4 (2020): 1257.
  19. Costa-Cabral Francisco, Orla Lynskey, „Family Ties: The Intersection Between Data Protection and Competition in EU law” Common Market Law Review, No.1 (2017): 11-50.
  20. Davison Robert M., „The transformative potential of disruptions: A viewpoint” International Journal of Information Management (2020): 226.
  21. Downes John, Jordan Goodman, Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. NY: Deakin University, 1991.
  22. El-Sadr Wafaa M., Joey Platt, Melanie Bernitz, Melissa Reyes, „Contact Tracing: Barriers and Facilitators” American Journal of Public Health, No. 7 (2021): 1025-1033.
  23. Elkhodr Mahmoud, Omar Mubin, Zainab Iftikhar, Maleeha Masood, Belal Alsinglawi, Suleman Shahid, Fady Alnajjar, „Technology, Privacy, and User Opinions of COVID-19 Mobile Apps for Contact Tracing: Systematic Search and Content Analysis” Journal of Medical Internet Research, No. 2 (2021): e23467.
  24. Ellmann Stephan, Markus Maryschok, Oliver Schöffski, Martin Emmert, „The German COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing App: A Socioeconomic Evaluation” International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, No. 21 (2022): 14318.
  25. Evans David S., „The Antitrust Economics of Two-sided Markets” Yale Journal on Regulation, No. 2 (2003): 325-381.
  26. Frédéric Jenny, „Competition Law Enforcement and Regulation for Digital Platforms and Ecosystems: Understanding the Issues, Facing the Challenges and Moving Forward” Industrial and Corporate Change, No. 5 (2021): 38-62.
  27. Gal Michal, Aviv Oshrit, „The Unintended Competitive Consequences of the GDPR” Journal of Competition Law and Economics, No. 3 (2020): 349-391.
  28. Gasser Urs, Marcello Ienca, James Scheibner, Joanna Sleigh, Effy Vayena, „Digital Tools Against COVID-19: Taxonomy, Ethical Challenges, and Navigation Aid” Lancet Digit Health, No. 8 (2020): e425-e434.
  29. Geradin Damien, What is a Digital Gatekeeper? Which Platforms Should be Captured by the EC Proposal for a Digital Market Act?. 18 February 2021.
  30. Graef Inge, Thomas Tombal, Alexandre De Streel „Limits and Enablers of Data Sharing. An Analytical Framework for EU Competition, Data Protection, and Consumer Law” TILEC Discussion Paper (2019).
  31. Graef Inge, Damian Clifford, Peggy Valcke, „Fairness and Enforcement: Bridging Competition, Data Protection, and Consumer Law” International Data Privacy Law, No. 3 (2018): 200-223.
  32. Hatamian Majid, Samuel Wairimu, Nurul Momen, Lothar Fritsch, „A Privacy and Security Analysis of Early-deployed COVID-19 Contact Tracing Android Apps” Empirical Software Engineering, No. 26 (2021): 36.
  33. Heinsohn Torben, Berit Lange, Patrizio Vanella, Isti Rodiah, Stephan Glöckner, Alexander Joachim, Dennis Becker, Tobias Brändle, Stefan Dhein, Stefan Ehehalt, Mira Fries, Annette Galante-Gottschalk, Stefanie Jehnichen, Sarah Kolkmann, Annelene Kossow, Martin Hellmich, Jörg Dötsch, Gérard Krause, „Infection and Transmission Risks of COVID-19 in Schools and their Contribution to Population Infections in Germany: A Retrospective Observational Study Using Nationwide and Regional Health and Education Agency Notification data” PLOS Medicine, No. 12 (2022): e1003913.
  34. Hines, J., HR & Digital Trends. The Workplace after COVID-19: What is Your New Normal?. 2020.
  35. Horstmann Kai T., Susanne Buecker, Julia Krasko, Sarah Kritzler, Sophia Terwiel, „Who does or does not Use the »Corona-Warn-App« and Why” European Journal of Public Health, No. 1 (2021): 49-51.
  36. Jacobides Michael, Martin Bruncko, Rene Langen, Regulating Big Tech in Europe: Why, so what, and how Understanding Their Business Models and Ecosystems can Make a Difference. London: London Business School, 2020.
  37. Kahnbach Leonie, Dirk Lehr, Jessica Brandenburger, Tim Mallwitz, Sophie Jent, Sandy Hannibal, Burkhardt Funk, Monique Janneck, „Quality and Adoption of COVID-19 Tracing Apps and Recommendations for Development: Systematic Interdisciplinary Review of European Apps” J Med (2021): e27989.
  38. Kemp Katherine, „Concealed Data Practices and Competition Law: Why Privacy Matters” European Competition Journal, No. 2-3 (2020): 628-672.
  39. Kira Beatriz, Vikram Sinha, Sharmadha Srinivasan, „Regulating Digital Ecosystems: Bridging the Gap between Competition Policy and Data Protection” Industrial and Corporate Change, No. 5 (2021): 1337-1360.
  40. Kleinman Robert A., Colin Merkel, „Digital Contact Tracing for COVID-19” Canadian Medical Association Journal, No. 24 (2020): E653-E656.
  41. Knierim Kyle, Christina Palmer, Erik Seth Kramer, Rachel S. Rodriguez, Jill Van Wyk, Alison Shmerling, Peter Smith, Heather Holmstrom, Brian S. Bacak, Shandra M. Brown, Elizabeth W. Staton, Jodi Summers Holtrop, „Lessons Learned During COVID-19 That Can Move Telehealth in Primary Care Forward” Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 34(Suppl) (2021): 196-202.
  42. Kolasa Katarzyna, Francesca Mazzi, Ewa Leszczuk-Czubkowska, Zsombor Zrubka, Márta Péntek, „State of the Art in Adoption of Contact Tracing Apps and Recommendations Regarding Privacy Protection and Public Health: Systematic Review” MIR Mhealth Uhealth, No. 6 (2021): e23250.
  43. Li Hui, Yifel Zhu, Yi Niu, „Contact Tracing Research: A Literature Review Based on Scientific Collaboration Network” International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, No. 15 (2022): 9311.
  44. Lo Bernard, Ida Sim, „Ethical Framework for Assessing Manual and Digital Contact Tracing for COVID-19” Annals of Internal Medicine, No. 3 (2021): 395-400.
  45. Lucivero Federica, Luca Marelli, Nora Hangel, Bettina Maria Zimmermann, Barbara Prainsack, Ilaria Galasso, Ruth Horn, Katharina Kieslich, Marjolein Lanzing, Elisa Lievevrouw, Fernandos Ongolly, Gabrielle Samuel, Tamar Sharon, Lotje Siffels, Emma Stendahl, Ine Van Hoyweghen, „Normative Positions towards COVID-19 Contact-tracing Apps: Findings from a Large-scale Qualitative Study in Nine European Countries” Critical Public Health (2021): 5-18.
  46. Lucivero Federica, Nina Hallowell, Stephanie Johnson, Barbara Prainsack, Gabrielle Samuel, Tamar Sharon, „COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Ethical Challenges for a Social Experiment on a Global Scale” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, No. 4 (2020): 835-839.
  47. Martinez-Martin Nicole, Sarah Wieten, David Magnus, Mildred K. Cho, „Digital Contact Tracing, Privacy, and Public Health” Hastings Center Report, No. 3 (2020): 43-46.
  48. Montanari Vergallo G., Simona Zaami, Enrico Marinelli, „The COVID-19 Pandemic and Contact Tracing Technologies, between Upholding the Right to Health and Personal Data Protection” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, No. 5 (2021): 2449-2456.
  49. Moritz, Esdar, Ursula Hübner, „Analyzing the Essential Attributes of Nationally Issued COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: Open-Source Intelligence Approach and Content Analysis” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, No. 3 (2021): 1-14.
  50. Nicholas Jennifer, Katie Shilton, Stephen M. Schueller, Elizabeth L. Gray, Mary J. Kwasny, David C. Mohr, „The Role of Data Type and Recipient in Individuals’ Perspectives on Sharing Passively Collected Smartphone Data for Mental Health: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, No. 4 (2019): e12578.
  51. Nussbaumer-Streit Barbara, Verena Mayr, Andreea Iulia Dobrescu, Andrea Chapman, Emma Persad, Irma Klerings, Gernot Wagner, Uwe Siebert, Dominic Ledinger, Casey Zachariah, Gerald Gartlehner, „Quarantine Alone or in Combination with Other Public Health Measures to Control COVID-19: A Rapid Review” Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, No. 9 (2020): CD013574.
  52. O'Connell James, Manzar Abbas, Sarah Beecham, Jim Buckley, Muslim Chochlov, Brian Fitzgerald, Liam Glynn, Kevin Johnson, John Laffey, Bairbre McNicholas, Bashar Nuseibeh, Michael O'Callaghan, Ian O’Keeffe, Abdul Razzaq, Kaavya Rekanar, Ita Richardson, Andrew Simpkin, Cristiano Storni, Damyanka Tsvyatkova, Jane Walsh, Thomas Welsh, Derek O’Keeffe, „Best Practice Guidance for Digital Contact Tracing Apps: A Cross-disciplinary Review of the Literature” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, No. 6 (2021): e27753.
  53. Papageorgiou Achilleas, Michael Strigkos, Eugenia Politou, Efthimios Alepis, Agusti Solanas, Constantinos Patsakis, „Security and Privacy Analysis of Mobile Health Applications: The Alarming State of Practice” IEEE Access, No. 6 (2018): 9390-9403.
  54. Pratt Bridget, Michael Parker, Susan Bull, „Equitable Design and Use of Digital Surveillance Technologies During COVID-19: Norms and Concerns” The Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, No. 5 (2022): 573-586.
  55. Pratt Bridget, Susan Bull, „Equitable Data Sharing in Epidemics and Pandemics” BMC Medical Ethics, No. 1 (2021): 136.
  56. Preibusch Sören, Joseph Bonneau, „The Privacy Landscape: Product Differentiation on Data Collection”, [in:] Economics of Information Security and Privacy III, ed. Bruce Schneier. 263-283. Springer: New York, 2013.
  57. Ranisch Robert, Niels Nijsingh, Angela van Ballantyne, Anne van Bergen, Alena Buyx, Orsolya Friedrich, Tereza Hendl, Georg Marckmann, Christian Munthe, Verina Wild, „Digital Contact Tracing and Exposure Notification: Ethical Guidance for Trustworthy Pandemic Management” Ethics and Information of Technology, (2020): 1-10.
  58. Reyna Anthony, „The Psychology of Privacy – What can Behavioral Economics Contribute to Competition in Digital Markets?” International Data Privacy Law, No. 3 (2018): 240-252.
  59. Schwartz Adam, Andrew Crocker, Electronic Frontier Foundation. Governments Haven’t Shown Location Surveillance Would Help Contain COVID-19, 2020. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/governments-havent-shown-location-surveillance- would-help-contain-COVID-19.
  60. Scrivano Noemi, Rosario Alfio Gulin, Daniele Giansanti, „Digital Contact Tracing and COVID-19: Design, Deployment, and Current Use in Italy” Healthcare, No. 1 (2021): 67.
  61. Sharon Tamar, „Blind-sided by Privacy? Digital Contact Tracing, the Apple/Google API and Big Tech's Newfound Role as Global Health Policy Makers” Ethics and Information Technology, No. 23 (2020): 45-57. doi: 10.1007/s10676-020-09547-x.
  62. Sheng Jie, Joseph Amankwah-Amoah, Zaheer Khan, Xiaojun Wang, „COVID-19 Pandemic in the New Era of Big Data Analytics: Methodological Innovations and Future Research Directions” British Journal of Management, No. 4 (2021): 1164-1183.
  63. Sokol Daniel, Feng Zhu, „Harming Competition and Consumers under the Guise of Protecting Privacy: An Analysis of Apple’s iOS 14 Policy Updates” USC Law Legal Studies Paper No. 21-27 (2021): 23-32.
  64. Stucke Maurice E., Allen P. Grunes, Big Data, and Competition Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  65. Tombal Thomas, „GDPR as shield to a data sharing remedy”, [w:] Deep Diving into Data Protection: 1979–2019: Celebrating 40 Years of Research on Privacy Data Protection at the CRIDS. 67-93. Brussels: Larcier, 2019.
  66. Ussai Silvia, Marco Pistis, Eduardo Missoni, Beatrice Formenti, Benedetta Armocida, Tatiana Pedrazzi, Francesco Castelli, Lorenzo Monasta, Baldassare Lauria, Ilaria Mariani, „»Immuni« and the National Health System: Lessons Learnt from the COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing in Italy” International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, No. 12 (2022): 7529.
  67. Verbeemen Eva, Salvadore B. D’Amico, Why Remote Working Will be the New Normal, Even after COVID-19, 2020.
  68. https://www.ey.com/en_be/covid-19/why-remote- working-will-be-the-new-normal-even-after-covid-19.
  69. Wachter Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, „A Right to Reasonable Inferences: Re-thinking Data Protection Law in the Age of Big Data and AI” Columbia Business Law Review, No. 2 (2019): 443-493.
  70. Wei Ting Daniel Shu, Lawrence Carin, Victor Dzau, Tien Y. Wong, „Digital Technology and COVID-19” Nature Medicine, No. 26 (2020): 459-461.
  71. Weill Peter, Sinan Aral, „Generating Premium Returns on Your IT Investments” MIT Sloan Management Review, No. 2 (2006): 39.
  72. Weiß Bardus, Daccache Marco, Al. Melodie, Noel Maalouf, Rayan Al Sarih, Imad H. Elhajj, „Data Management and Privacy Policy of COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Apps: Systematic Review and Content Analysis” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, No. 7 (2022): e35195.
  73. Winter Michael, Harald Baumeister, Ulrich Frick, Miles Tallon, Manfred Reichert, Rudiger Pryss, Exploring the Usability of the German COVID-19 Contact Tracing App in a Combined Eye Tracking and Retrospective Think Aloud Study. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2021.