logo czasopisma

Articles

Vol. 60 No. 1 (2026): Prawo i Więź

Navigating the Nexus in Southeast Asia: Legal Frameworks for Digital-Green Public-Private Partnerships in ASEAN’s Twin Transition Era

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36128/nymhx852
Submitted
18 December 2025
Published
19-02-2026

Abstract

This paper explores how Southeast Asia can build the legal foundations to support a “Twin Transition”: the shift toward both digital transformation and green sustainability, through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Given ASEAN’s diverse legal systems, climate risks, and infrastructure gaps, PPPs are key to attracting private investment and innovation. But managing both digital and green goals in long-term contracts requires legal frameworks that are flexible, fair, and adapted to regional realities. This paper details a range of legal tools and mechanisms crucial for navigating this nexus in Southeast Asia. This includes the evolution of performance-based contracts to encompass both digital efficiency metrics and specific environmental outcomes, alongside innovative risk allocation strategies for technological obsolescence, cybersecurity, and climate-related events pertinent to the region. The paper examines the transformative potential of smart contracts and blockchain for enhancing transparency, accountability, and automated compliance in ASEAN’s digital-green projects, while also addressing their inherent vulnerabilities and regulatory challenges across diverse jurisdictions. Furthermore, it delves into the critical role of comprehensive data governance frameworks, including privacy-enhancing technologies and emerging AI governance standards, to manage the vast data generated by smart green infrastructure. Finally, it highlights the importance of fostering adaptive regulatory sandboxes for accelerating innovation, establishing robust dispute resolution mechanisms for complex, integrated projects, and leveraging existing and emerging international legal norms (e.g., cross-border data privacy rules, ASEAN digital integration frameworks) for facilitating greater regional collaboration in the Twin Transition. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a proactive, adaptive, and ethically grounded legal architecture within ASEAN that can effectively bridge the divide between digital innovation and environmental stewardship, enabling PPPs to fully realize their potential as catalysts for a truly sustainable, technologically advanced, and resilient future across Southeast Asia.

References

  1. “Vietnam’s Planned Data Law and Industry Reaction.” U.S. Tech Firms Warn Vietnam’s Planned Law to Hamper Data Centres, Social Media” Reuters, 4 November 2024. https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-tech-firms-warn-vietnams-planned-law-hamper-data-centres-social-media-2024-11-04/.
    View in Google Scholar
  2. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, ASEAN Green Initiative, 2024. https://agi.aseanbiodiversity.org/.
    View in Google Scholar
  3. ASEAN Secretariat and Boston Consulting Group, Study on the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA): Public Summary Report, 25 November 2024. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/DEFA-Report-public-summary-expanded_Final_25112024.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  4. ASEAN Secretariat and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ASEAN Principles for Public-Private Partnership Frameworks. ASEAN Secretariat, 2014. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/pdf/2014_upload/Attachment-ASEAN%20%20PPP%20Principles.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  5. ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Declaration on Environmental Sustainability, 2007. https://asean.org/asean-declaration-on-environmental-sustainability/.
    View in Google Scholar
  6. ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics. ASEAN Secretariat, 2024. https://asean.org/book/asean-guide-on-ai-governance-and-ethics/.
    View in Google Scholar
  7. ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. ASEAN Secretariat, 2016. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/8.-March-2016-ASCC-Blueprint-2025.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  8. ASEAN Secretariat, Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI. ASEAN Secretariat, January 2025. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Expanded-ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics-Generative-AI.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  9. ASEAN, ASEAN 2045: Our Shared Future. ASEAN Secretariat, May 2025. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ASEAN-2045-Our-Shared-Future.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  10. ASEAN, ASEAN Charts Course for a Sustainable Future with Ambitious ASEAN Strategy for Carbon Neutrality, 20 August 2023. https://asean.org/asean-charts-course-for-a-sustainable-future-with-ambitious-asean-strategy-for-carbon-neutrality/.
    View in Google Scholar
  11. ASEAN, ASEAN DEFA Study Projects Digital Economy Leap to US$2tn by 2030, 25 May 2024. https://asean.org/asean-defa-study-projects-digital-economy-leap-to-us2tn-by-2030/.
    View in Google Scholar
  12. ASEAN, ASEAN Digital Masterplan 2025. https://asean.org/book/asean-digital-masterplan-2025/.
    View in Google Scholar
  13. ASEAN, ASEAN for Business Bulletin – January 2024. ASEAN Secretariat, 2024. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ASEAN-for-Business-Bulletin-January-2024.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  14. ASEAN, ASEAN Strategy for Carbon Neutrality: Public Summary. ASEAN Secretariat, 2023. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Brochure-ASEAN-Strategy-for-Carbon-Neutrality-Public-Summary-1.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  15. Asian Development Bank, Blue Southeast Asia Finance Hub, 2023. https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/themes/environment/bluesea.
    View in Google Scholar
  16. Asian Development Bank, Framework for Improving ASEAN Infrastructure Productivity. ASEAN Secretariat, 2020. https://connectivity.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Publication-Framework-for-Improving-ASEAN-Infrastructure-Productivity.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  17. Asian Development Bank, Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Handbook. Asian Development Bank, 2020. https://www.adb.org/documents/public-private-partnership-ppp-handbook.
    View in Google Scholar
  18. Bank of Thailand, Regulatory Sandbox Framework, 2023. https://www.bot.or.th/en/financial-innovation/digital-finance/fintech-in-thailand/regulatory-sandbox.html.
    View in Google Scholar
  19. Baochinhphu.vn, Law on Digital Technology Industry Approved, 14 June 2025. https://en.baochinhphu.vn/law-on-digital-technology-industry-approved-111250614143640329.html.
    View in Google Scholar
  20. Bierecki, Dominik. Christophe Gaie, Mirosław Karpiuk, Jean Langlois-Berthelot, “Creating Resilient Artificial Intelligence Systems. A Responsible Approach to Cybersecurity Risks” Prawo i Więź, No. 5 (2025): 131-149. https://doi.org/10.36128/0akf8v90.
    View in Google Scholar
  21. Bierecki, Dominik. Mirosław Karpiuk, Claudio Melchior, Nicola Strizzolo, “Security in the Era of Cybersecurity Threats” Prawo i Więź, No. 4 (2025): 73-87. https://doi.org/10.36128/PRIW.VI57.1476
    View in Google Scholar
  22. Brunei Darussalam Central Bank, FinTech Regulatory Sandbox Guidelines, 2020. https://www.bdcb.gov.bn/financial-sector-development/fintech.
    View in Google Scholar
  23. Carandang Moises B., Roxanne Jacutan, “Southeast Asia Is Tackling Cyberattacks on the Underbanked” World Economic Forum, 15 October 2024. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/10/southeast-asia-tackling-cyberattacks-underbanked/.
    View in Google Scholar
  24. Delmon Jeffrey, Creating a Framework for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Programs: A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers. World Bank Group, 2017. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ae8ce6de-b34d-53d0-adac-fd534bc6b68e/content.
    View in Google Scholar
  25. Ding Jianguo, Attia Qammar, Zhimin Zhang, Ahmad Karim, Huansheng Ning, “Cyber Threats to Smart Grids: Review, Taxonomy, Potential Solutions, and Future Directions” Energies, 15 (2022): 6799. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186799.
    View in Google Scholar
  26. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, Understanding the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement, 2023. https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/policy-brief/FY2023/Understanding-the-ASEAN-Digital-Economy-Framework-Agreement.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  27. Fabre Anaïs, Stéphane Straub, “The Impact of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Infrastructure, Health, and Education” TSE Working Paper, No. 986 (2021). https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/doc/wp/2019/wp_tse_986.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  28. Fong Kristina, “From Paper to Practice: Utilizing the ASEAN Guide on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance and Ethics” Trends in Southeast Asia, No. 18 (2024). https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TRS18_24.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  29. Gaie, Christophe, Mirosław Karpiuk, Nicola Strizzolo, “Cybersecurity of Public Sector Institutions” Prawo i Więź, No. 6 (2024): 347-363. https://doi.org/10.36128/PRIW.VI53.1129.
    View in Google Scholar
  30. Gatdula Julia Rocio, The PRC’s Evolving Cyber Laws and Implications for Southeast Asia’s Digital Economy and Integration. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2025. https://www.csis.org/blogs/new-perspectives-asia/prcs-evolving-cyber-laws-and-implications-southeast-asias-digital.
    View in Google Scholar
  31. Global Challenge Advisory, A Brief Overview of Indonesian PPP Framework, 2024. https://globalchallengeadvisory.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Article-Series-1-Indonesia-PPP-Framework-and-Sectors-vf.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  32. Higgins Sam, Charlie Dai, Tracy Woo, Devin Dickerson, Dario Maisto, “Navigating the Geopolitical Cloud: ASEAN’s Diverse Approach to Digital Sovereignty” Forrester, 2025. https://www.forrester.com/blogs/navigating-the-geopolitical-cloud-aseans-diverse-approach-to-digital-sovereignty.
    View in Google Scholar
  33. Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), Model AI Governance Framework (First Edition), 2019. https://ai.bsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Model-AI-Framework-First-Edition.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  34. Inter-American Development Bank, The Governance of Public–Private Partnerships: A Comparative Analysis, 2020. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/The_Governance_of_Public-Private_Partnerships_A_Comparative_Analysis.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  35. International Telecommunication Union and Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, Digital Policy Action Areas for a Connected ASEAN: ASEAN Best Practice Benchmarking and an Action Plan for Regional Harmonization. ASEAN Secretariat, 2024. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Digital-Policy-Action-Areas-for-a-Connected-ASEAN.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  36. Kaufmann-Kohler Gabrielle, “Soft Law in International Arbitration: Codification and Normativity” Journal of International Dispute Settlement, (2010). https://lk-k.com/wp-content/uploads/Soft-Law-in-International-Arbitration-Codification-and-Normativity.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  37. King & Wood Mallesons, Public-Private Partnerships in Asia - Indonesia Guide, 8 July 2025, https://www.kwm.com/global/en/insights/latest-thinking/public-private-partnerships-in-asia-indonesia-guide-2025.html.
    View in Google Scholar
  38. Liu Liyuan, Meng Han, “EcoIntegrity: AI-Augmented Blockchain Framework for Carbon Footprint Tracking and Incentives in IoT,” [in:] Smart Grid and Innovative Frontiers in Telecommunications, 159-181. Springer, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78806-2_10.
    View in Google Scholar
  39. Mahusin Mahirah, Hilmy Prilliadi, “Strengthening ASEAN’s Cybersecurity: Collaborative Strategies for Enhanced Resilience and Regional Cooperation” ERIA Policy Brief (2024). https://www.eria.org/uploads/Strengthening-ASEAN-Cybersecurity.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  40. Mazher Khwaja M., “Review of Studies on Risk Allocation and Sharing in Public-Private Partnership Projects for Infrastructure Delivery” Frontiers in Built Environment, 11 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1505891.
    View in Google Scholar
  41. McKinsey & Company, Can PPPs Solve Indonesia’s Infrastructure Needs?, 2021. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Locations/Asia/Indonesia/Our%20Insights/Can%20PPPs%20solve%20Indonesias%20infrastructure%20needs/Can%20PPPs%20solve%20Indonesias%20infrastructure%20needs.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  42. Mulyani Sri, “Critical Success Factors in Public-Private Partnership” Journal of Accounting Auditing and Business, No. 1 (2021): 81-86. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349034035_Critical_Success_Factors_in_Public-Private_Partnership/fulltext/601c188c92851c4ed54bb495/Critical_Success_Factors_in_Public-Private_Partnership.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  43. Natural Resource Governance Institute, The Governance Challenge behind Indonesia’s Resource Ambitions, 23 June 2025. https://resourcegovernance.org/articles/governance-challenge-behind-indonesia-resource-ambitions.
    View in Google Scholar
  44. New Clark City, Green and Resilient Urban Planning, 2025. https://newclark.ph.
    View in Google Scholar
  45. Nguyen Thị Thu, Thuy “Improving the Legal Framework for Green Finance in Vietnam. A Comparison With Selected ASEAN Countries” Prawo i Więź, No. 4 (2025): 847-867. https://doi.org/10.36128/PRIW.VI57.1372.
    View in Google Scholar
  46. Nguyen Tram Ngoc Bich, Duong Duy Nguyen, Vietnam’s Regulatory Sandboxes: Paving the Way for Digital Innovation. Tilleke & Gibbins. Mondaq, 2025. https://www.mondaq.com/fin-tech/1651562/vietnams-regulatory-sandboxes-paving-the-way-for-digital-innovation.
    View in Google Scholar
  47. Oikawa Keita, “ASEAN Data Governance: Implications for the Digital Economy Framework Agreement” ERIA Research Project Report, No. 10 (2025). https://www.eria.org/research/asean-data-governance--implications-for-the-digital-economy-framework-agreement.
    View in Google Scholar
  48. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Emerging Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: Current Regulatory and Policy Approaches” OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 351 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1787/bf121be4-en.
    View in Google Scholar
  49. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Privacy Enhancing Technologies. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/privacy-enhancing-technologies.html.
    View in Google Scholar
  50. Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC), Advisory Guidelines on Key Concepts in the Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA), 17 May 2022. https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/-/media/files/pdpc/pdf-files/advisory-guidelines/ag-on-key-concepts/advisory-guidelines-on-key-concepts-in-the-pdpa-17-may-2022.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  51. Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC), Guide on Managing and Notifying Data Breaches under the PDPA, 2021. https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2021/01/data-breach-management-guide.
    View in Google Scholar
  52. Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC), Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA). https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/overview-of-pdpa/the-legislation/personal-data-protection-act.
    View in Google Scholar
  53. Personal Data Protection Commission, Advisory Guidelines on Key Concepts in the PDPA: Chapter 19 – The Transfer Limitation Obligation, 27 July 2017. https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/-/media/Files/PDPC/PDF-Files/Advisory-Guidelines/the-transfer-limitation-obligation---ch-19-%28270717%29.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  54. PricewaterhouseCoopers Vietnam, New PPP Framework: Highlights of Vietnam’s PPP Regime (legal brief). PwC, 2020. https://www.pwc.com/vn/en/publications/2020/200810-pwc-vietnam-legal-newsbrief-ppp.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  55. Putra I. N. G., “Smart City Development in Indonesia: Challenges and Policy Directions” Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region” 30 August 2021. August 30.
    View in Google Scholar
  56. Rattanapong Phasikha, Narongsak Sukma, Smitti Darakorn Na Ayuthaya, “Determinants of Cybersecurity Investment in ASEAN Organizations: An Integrated Structural Equation Modeling Approach” Frontiers in Communications and Networks, 6 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1594554.
    View in Google Scholar
  57. Silitonga R. J., “Trading Renewable Energy through the ASEAN Power Grid.” ASEAN Centre for Energy, 7 August 2018. https://aseanenergy.org/post/trading-renewable-energy-through-the-asean-power-grid/.
    View in Google Scholar
  58. Singapore Economic Development Board, Singapore’s Advanced Wastewater Recycling, 2022. https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/business-insights/insights/singapore-is-leading-the-way-in-recycling-wastewater-what-can-it-teach-the-rest-of-the-world.html.
    View in Google Scholar
  59. Singapore Institute of International Affairs, Building a Digital-Green ASEAN: Growing Intersections between Digital Growth and Sustainability Goals. Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), 2023. https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/programme/special-reports-by-atxsummit-knowledge-partners/siia.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  60. Singh Rajesh, Shaik Vaseem Akram, Anita Gehlot, Draham Buddhi, Neeraj Priyadarshi, Bhekisipho Twala, “Energy System 4.0: Digitalization of the Energy Sector with Inclination towards Sustainability” Sensors 22 (2022): 6619. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176619.
    View in Google Scholar
  61. Tejada Ibañez Mikel, “Rightly Done PPPs Can Be the Right Tool for Green and Resilient Infrastructure” World Bank Blogs, 1 July 2021. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/ppps/rightly-done-ppps-can-be-right-tool-green-and-resilient-infrastructure.
    View in Google Scholar
  62. TMO Group, Data Protection Laws in Southeast Asia: Overview by Country (2024), 18 July 2024. https://www.tmogroup.asia/insights/southeast-asia-data-protection-laws/.
    View in Google Scholar
  63. Tran Manh Hung, Huu Tuan Nguyen, Huyen Minh Nguyen, “Vietnam: Digital Technology Law – Legal Foundations and Strategic Incentives to Accelerate Digital Economic Growth” Connect On Tech, 18 July 2025. https://connectontech.bakermckenzie.com/vietnam-digital-technology-law-legal-foundations-and-strategic-incentives-to-accelerate-digital-economic-growth/.
    View in Google Scholar
  64. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), 2018. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/8280/download.
    View in Google Scholar
  65. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO Science Report: The Race against Time for Smarter Development, 2021. https://www.unesco.org/reports/science/2021/en.
    View in Google Scholar
  66. United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, ASEAN Green Future Project, 2021. https://www.unsdsn.org/our-work/asean-green-future/.
    View in Google Scholar
  67. Vietnam Briefing (Dezan Shira & Associates), Vietnam’s PPP Framework for Science, Tech and Digital Transformation (Decree 180/2025/ND-CP), 2025. https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/vietnams-ppp-framework-for-science-tech-digital-transformation.html.
    View in Google Scholar
  68. Vietnam’s New PPP Law – Key Features and Implications. Frasers Law Company. 2021. https://www.frasersvn.com/api/uploads/Legal_Update_PPP_Law_June_2021_71c64b8e3c.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  69. VnEconomy, Carbon Credit Exchange and Green Finance in Vietnam, 13 August 2025. https://en.vneconomy.vn/carbon-credit-exchange-and-green-finance-products-planned-for-ifc.htm.
    View in Google Scholar
  70. VNTR, ASEAN’s Carbon Neutrality Strategy Could Unlock $5.3 Trillion Economic Potential, 26 November 2024. https://vntr.moit.gov.vn/news/aseans-carbon-neutrality-strategy-could-unlock-53-trillion-economic-potential.
    View in Google Scholar
  71. Wilson Naomi, “The Digital Economy Framework Agreement: ASEAN’s Anchor in a Turbulent Digital Economy” Information Technology Industry Council, 17 July 2025. https://www.itic.org/news-events/techwonk-blog/the-digital-economy-framework-agreement-aseans-anchor-in-a-turbulent-digital-economy.
    View in Google Scholar
  72. World Bank Group, Allocating Risks in Public-Private Partnerships. Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), 2016. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/allocating-risks-public-private-partnerships.
    View in Google Scholar
  73. World Bank Group, Guidance on PPP Contractual Provisions 2019 Edition. Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), 2019 https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/guidance-ppp-contractual-provisions-2019.
    View in Google Scholar
  74. World Bank Group, Managing Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Renegotiation. 2021. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/103141611678492456-0090022021/original/ManagingPPPRenegotiations.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  75. World Bank, PPP Legal and Regulatory Framework. Public-Private Partnership Legal Resource Center. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/node/9485.
    View in Google Scholar
  76. World Bank, Singapore: Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Profile. Benchmarking Infrastructure Development, 2023. https://bpp.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/data/bpp/cntrypdf/BI-2023-Singapore-PPP.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  77. World Bank, The Role of Capacity Building in Strengthening PPP Institutions. Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), 2002. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099900010052210939/pdf/P1731860248d290e109d9d098f723a6de9a.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  78. World Bank, World Bank Guidance on PPP Legal Frameworks. Public-Private Partnership Resource Center, 16 June 2022. https://ppp.worldbank.org/library/world-bank-guidance-ppp-legal-frameworks.
    View in Google Scholar
  79. World Economic Forum, Primer for Smart City Public-Private Collaborations. 2023. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Primer_of_Public_Private_Collaborations_for_Smart_Cities_2023.pdf.
    View in Google Scholar
  80. World Economic Forum, Why ASEAN’s New Digital Economy Framework Agreement Is a Game-Changer, 26 May 2025. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/05/asean-digital-economy-framework-agreement-a-gamechanger.
    View in Google Scholar
  81. Yun Heylyung, “China’s Data Sovereignty and Security: Implications for Global Digital Borders and Governance” Chinese Political Science Review, Vol. X (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-024-00269-9.
    View in Google Scholar
  82. Zen Fauziah, “Public–Private Partnership Development in Southeast Asia” ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No. 553 (2018). https://doi.org/10.22617/WPS189464-2.
    View in Google Scholar

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.